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/* |
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* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 |
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* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at |
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* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ |
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*/ |
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|
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package jsr166e; |
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import java.util.Random; |
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|
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/** |
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* A package-local class holding common representation and mechanics |
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* for classes supporting dynamic striping on 64bit values. The class |
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* extends Number so that concrete subclasses must publicly do so. |
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*/ |
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abstract class Striped64 extends Number { |
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/* |
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* This class maintains a lazily-initialized table of atomically |
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* updated variables, plus an extra "base" field. The table size |
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* is a power of two. Indexing uses masked per-thread hash codes. |
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* Nearly all declarations in this class are package-private, |
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* accessed directly by subclasses. |
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* |
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* Table entries are of class Cell; a variant of AtomicLong padded |
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* to reduce cache contention on most processors. Padding is |
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* overkill for most Atomics because they are usually irregularly |
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* scattered in memory and thus don't interfere much with each |
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* other. But Atomic objects residing in arrays will tend to be |
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* placed adjacent to each other, and so will most often share |
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* cache lines (with a huge negative performance impact) without |
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* this precaution. |
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* |
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* In part because Cells are relatively large, we avoid creating |
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* them until they are needed. When there is no contention, all |
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* updates are made to the base field. Upon first contention (a |
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* failed CAS on base update), the table is initialized to size 2. |
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* The table size is doubled upon further contention until |
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* reaching the nearest power of two greater than or equal to the |
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* number of CPUS. Table slots remain empty (null) until they are |
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* needed. |
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* |
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* A single spinlock ("busy") is used for initializing and |
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* resizing the table, as well as populating slots with new Cells. |
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* There is no need for a blocking lock; when the lock is not |
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* available, threads try other slots (or the base). During these |
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* retries, there is increased contention and reduced locality, |
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* which is still better than alternatives. |
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* |
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* Per-thread hash codes are initialized to random values. |
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* Contention and/or table collisions are indicated by failed |
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* CASes when performing an update operation (see method |
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* retryUpdate). Upon a collision, if the table size is less than |
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* the capacity, it is doubled in size unless some other thread |
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* holds the lock. If a hashed slot is empty, and lock is |
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* available, a new Cell is created. Otherwise, if the slot |
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* exists, a CAS is tried. Retries proceed by "double hashing", |
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* using a secondary hash (Marsaglia XorShift) to try to find a |
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* free slot. |
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* |
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* The table size is capped because, when there are more threads |
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* than CPUs, supposing that each thread were bound to a CPU, |
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* there would exist a perfect hash function mapping threads to |
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* slots that eliminates collisions. When we reach capacity, we |
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* search for this mapping by randomly varying the hash codes of |
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* colliding threads. Because search is random, and collisions |
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* only become known via CAS failures, convergence can be slow, |
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* and because threads are typically not bound to CPUS forever, |
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* may not occur at all. However, despite these limitations, |
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* observed contention rates are typically low in these cases. |
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* |
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* It is possible for a Cell to become unused when threads that |
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* once hashed to it terminate, as well as in the case where |
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* doubling the table causes no thread to hash to it under |
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* expanded mask. We do not try to detect or remove such cells, |
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* under the assumption that for long-running instances, observed |
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* contention levels will recur, so the cells will eventually be |
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* needed again; and for short-lived ones, it does not matter. |
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*/ |
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|
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/** |
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* Padded variant of AtomicLong supporting only raw accesses plus CAS. |
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* The value field is placed between pads, hoping that the JVM doesn't |
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* reorder them. |
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* |
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* JVM intrinsics note: It would be possible to use a release-only |
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* form of CAS here, if it were provided. |
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*/ |
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static final class Cell { |
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volatile long p0, p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6; |
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volatile long value; |
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volatile long q0, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6; |
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Cell(long x) { value = x; } |
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|
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final boolean cas(long cmp, long val) { |
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return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, valueOffset, cmp, val); |
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} |
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|
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// Unsafe mechanics |
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private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE; |
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private static final long valueOffset; |
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static { |
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try { |
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UNSAFE = getUnsafe(); |
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Class<?> ak = Cell.class; |
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valueOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset |
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(ak.getDeclaredField("value")); |
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} catch (Exception e) { |
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throw new Error(e); |
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} |
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} |
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|
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* ThreadLocal holding a single-slot int array holding hash code. |
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* Unlike the JDK8 version of this class, we use a suboptimal |
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* int[] representation to avoid introducing a new type that can |
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* impede class-unloading when ThreadLocals are not removed. |
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*/ |
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static final ThreadLocal<int[]> threadHashCode = new ThreadLocal<int[]>(); |
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|
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/** |
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* Generator of new random hash codes |
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*/ |
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static final Random rng = new Random(); |
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|
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/** Number of CPUS, to place bound on table size */ |
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static final int NCPU = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); |
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|
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/** |
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* Table of cells. When non-null, size is a power of 2. |
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*/ |
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transient volatile Cell[] cells; |
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|
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/** |
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* Base value, used mainly when there is no contention, but also as |
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* a fallback during table initialization races. Updated via CAS. |
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*/ |
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transient volatile long base; |
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|
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/** |
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* Spinlock (locked via CAS) used when resizing and/or creating Cells. |
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*/ |
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transient volatile int busy; |
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|
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/** |
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* Package-private default constructor |
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*/ |
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Striped64() { |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* CASes the base field. |
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*/ |
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final boolean casBase(long cmp, long val) { |
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return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, baseOffset, cmp, val); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* CASes the busy field from 0 to 1 to acquire lock. |
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*/ |
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final boolean casBusy() { |
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return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, busyOffset, 0, 1); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Computes the function of current and new value. Subclasses |
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* should open-code this update function for most uses, but the |
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* virtualized form is needed within retryUpdate. |
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* |
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* @param currentValue the current value (of either base or a cell) |
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* @param newValue the argument from a user update call |
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* @return result of the update function |
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*/ |
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abstract long fn(long currentValue, long newValue); |
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|
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/** |
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* Handles cases of updates involving initialization, resizing, |
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* creating new Cells, and/or contention. See above for |
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* explanation. This method suffers the usual non-modularity |
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* problems of optimistic retry code, relying on rechecked sets of |
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* reads. |
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* |
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* @param x the value |
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* @param hc the hash code holder |
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* @param wasUncontended false if CAS failed before call |
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*/ |
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final void retryUpdate(long x, int[] hc, boolean wasUncontended) { |
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int h; |
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if (hc == null) { |
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threadHashCode.set(hc = new int[1]); // Initialize randomly |
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int r = rng.nextInt(); // Avoid zero to allow xorShift rehash |
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h = hc[0] = (r == 0) ? 1 : r; |
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} |
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else |
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h = hc[0]; |
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boolean collide = false; // True if last slot nonempty |
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for (;;) { |
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Cell[] as; Cell a; int n; long v; |
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if ((as = cells) != null && (n = as.length) > 0) { |
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if ((a = as[(n - 1) & h]) == null) { |
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if (busy == 0) { // Try to attach new Cell |
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Cell r = new Cell(x); // Optimistically create |
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if (busy == 0 && casBusy()) { |
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boolean created = false; |
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try { // Recheck under lock |
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Cell[] rs; int m, j; |
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if ((rs = cells) != null && |
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(m = rs.length) > 0 && |
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rs[j = (m - 1) & h] == null) { |
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rs[j] = r; |
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created = true; |
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} |
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} finally { |
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busy = 0; |
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} |
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if (created) |
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break; |
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continue; // Slot is now non-empty |
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} |
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} |
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collide = false; |
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} |
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else if (!wasUncontended) // CAS already known to fail |
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wasUncontended = true; // Continue after rehash |
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else if (a.cas(v = a.value, fn(v, x))) |
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break; |
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else if (n >= NCPU || cells != as) |
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collide = false; // At max size or stale |
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else if (!collide) |
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collide = true; |
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else if (busy == 0 && casBusy()) { |
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try { |
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if (cells == as) { // Expand table unless stale |
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Cell[] rs = new Cell[n << 1]; |
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for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) |
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rs[i] = as[i]; |
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cells = rs; |
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} |
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} finally { |
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busy = 0; |
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} |
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collide = false; |
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continue; // Retry with expanded table |
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} |
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h ^= h << 13; // Rehash |
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h ^= h >>> 17; |
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h ^= h << 5; |
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hc[0] = h; // Record index for next time |
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} |
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else if (busy == 0 && cells == as && casBusy()) { |
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boolean init = false; |
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try { // Initialize table |
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if (cells == as) { |
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Cell[] rs = new Cell[2]; |
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rs[h & 1] = new Cell(x); |
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cells = rs; |
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init = true; |
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} |
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} finally { |
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busy = 0; |
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} |
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if (init) |
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break; |
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} |
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else if (casBase(v = base, fn(v, x))) |
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break; // Fall back on using base |
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} |
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} |
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|
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|
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/** |
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* Sets base and all cells to the given value. |
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*/ |
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final void internalReset(long initialValue) { |
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Cell[] as = cells; |
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base = initialValue; |
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if (as != null) { |
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int n = as.length; |
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for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { |
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Cell a = as[i]; |
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if (a != null) |
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a.value = initialValue; |
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} |
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} |
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} |
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|
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// Unsafe mechanics |
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private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE; |
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private static final long baseOffset; |
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private static final long busyOffset; |
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static { |
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try { |
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UNSAFE = getUnsafe(); |
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Class<?> sk = Striped64.class; |
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baseOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset |
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(sk.getDeclaredField("base")); |
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busyOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset |
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(sk.getDeclaredField("busy")); |
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} catch (Exception e) { |
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throw new Error(e); |
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} |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe. Suitable for use in a 3rd party package. |
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* Replace with a simple call to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating |
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* into a jdk. |
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* |
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* @return a sun.misc.Unsafe |
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*/ |
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private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() { |
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try { |
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return sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe(); |
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} catch (SecurityException tryReflectionInstead) {} |
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try { |
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return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged |
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(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction<sun.misc.Unsafe>() { |
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public sun.misc.Unsafe run() throws Exception { |
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Class<sun.misc.Unsafe> k = sun.misc.Unsafe.class; |
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for (java.lang.reflect.Field f : k.getDeclaredFields()) { |
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f.setAccessible(true); |
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Object x = f.get(null); |
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if (k.isInstance(x)) |
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return k.cast(x); |
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} |
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throw new NoSuchFieldError("the Unsafe"); |
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}}); |
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} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) { |
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throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics", |
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e.getCause()); |
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} |
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} |
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} |