[ViewVC] Diff of: jsr166/jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinPool.java

Comparing jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinPool.java (file contents):
Revision 1.50 by dl, Fri Dec 4 12:09:46 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.87 by dl, Tue Nov 23 00:10:39 2010 UTC

+package jsr166y;
-–
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
-–
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
-<
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.RunnableFuture;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
->
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
-–
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
-–
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+/**
+ * An {@link ExecutorService} for running {@link ForkJoinTask}s.
+ * A {@code ForkJoinPool} provides the entry point for submissions
-<
+ * from non-{@code ForkJoinTask}s, as well as management and
->
+ * from non-{@code ForkJoinTask} clients, as well as management and
+ * monitoring operations.
+ * <p>A {@code ForkJoinPool} differs from other kinds of {@link
+ * execute subtasks created by other active tasks (eventually blocking
+ * waiting for work if none exist). This enables efficient processing
+ * when most tasks spawn other subtasks (as do most {@code
-<
+ * ForkJoinTask}s). A {@code ForkJoinPool} may also be used for mixed
-<
+ * execution of some plain {@code Runnable}- or {@code Callable}-
-<
+ * based activities along with {@code ForkJoinTask}s. When setting
-<
+ * {@linkplain #setAsyncMode async mode}, a {@code ForkJoinPool} may
-<
+ * also be appropriate for use with fine-grained tasks of any form
-<
+ * that are never joined. Otherwise, other {@code ExecutorService}
-<
+ * implementations are typically more appropriate choices.
->
+ * ForkJoinTask}s). When setting <em>asyncMode</em> to true in
->
+ * constructors, {@code ForkJoinPool}s may also be appropriate for use
->
+ * with event-style tasks that are never joined.
+ * <p>A {@code ForkJoinPool} is constructed with a given target
+ * parallelism level; by default, equal to the number of available
-<
+ * processors. Unless configured otherwise via {@link
-<
+ * #setMaintainsParallelism}, the pool attempts to maintain this
-<
+ * number of active (or available) threads by dynamically adding,
-<
+ * suspending, or resuming internal worker threads, even if some tasks
-<
+ * are stalled waiting to join others. However, no such adjustments
-<
+ * are performed in the face of blocked IO or other unmanaged
-<
+ * synchronization. The nested {@link ManagedBlocker} interface
-<
+ * enables extension of the kinds of synchronization accommodated.
-<
+ * The target parallelism level may also be changed dynamically
-<
+ * ({@link #setParallelism}). The total number of threads may be
-<
+ * limited using method {@link #setMaximumPoolSize}, in which case it
-<
+ * may become possible for the activities of a pool to stall due to
-<
+ * the lack of available threads to process new tasks.
->
+ * processors. The pool attempts to maintain enough active (or
->
+ * available) threads by dynamically adding, suspending, or resuming
->
+ * internal worker threads, even if some tasks are stalled waiting to
->
+ * join others. However, no such adjustments are guaranteed in the
->
+ * face of blocked IO or other unmanaged synchronization. The nested
->
+ * {@link ManagedBlocker} interface enables extension of the kinds of
->
+ * synchronization accommodated.
+ * <p>In addition to execution and lifecycle control methods, this
+ * class provides status check methods (for example
+ * {@link #toString} returns indications of pool state in a
+ * convenient form for informal monitoring.
-+
+ * <p> As is the case with other ExecutorServices, there are three
-+
+ * main task execution methods summarized in the following
-+
+ * table. These are designed to be used by clients not already engaged
-+
+ * in fork/join computations in the current pool.  The main forms of
-+
+ * these methods accept instances of {@code ForkJoinTask}, but
-+
+ * overloaded forms also allow mixed execution of plain {@code
-+
+ * Runnable}- or {@code Callable}- based activities as well.  However,
-+
+ * tasks that are already executing in a pool should normally
-+
+ * <em>NOT</em> use these pool execution methods, but instead use the
-+
+ * within-computation forms listed in the table.
-+
+ *
-+
+ * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
-+
+ *  <tr>
-+
+ *    <td></td>
-+
+ *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Call from non-fork/join clients</b></td>
-+
+ *    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Call from within fork/join computations</b></td>
-+
+ *  </tr>
-+
+ *  <tr>
-+
+ *    <td> <b>Arrange async execution</td>
-+
+ *    <td> {@link #execute(ForkJoinTask)}</td>
-+
+ *    <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#fork}</td>
-+
+ *  </tr>
-+
+ *  <tr>
-+
+ *    <td> <b>Await and obtain result</td>
-+
+ *    <td> {@link #invoke(ForkJoinTask)}</td>
-+
+ *    <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#invoke}</td>
-+
+ *  </tr>
-+
+ *  <tr>
-+
+ *    <td> <b>Arrange exec and obtain Future</td>
-+
+ *    <td> {@link #submit(ForkJoinTask)}</td>
-+
+ *    <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#fork} (ForkJoinTasks <em>are</em> Futures)</td>
-+
+ *  </tr>
-+
+ * </table>
-+
+ *
+ * <p><b>Sample Usage.</b> Normally a single {@code ForkJoinPool} is
+ * used for all parallel task execution in a program or subsystem.
+ * Otherwise, use would not usually outweigh the construction and
+ * {@code IllegalArgumentException}.
+ * <p>This implementation rejects submitted tasks (that is, by throwing
-<
+ * {@link RejectedExecutionException}) only when the pool is shut down.
->
+ * {@link RejectedExecutionException}) only when the pool is shut down
->
+ * or internal resources have been exhausted.
+ * @since 1.7
+ * @author Doug Lea
+public class ForkJoinPool extends AbstractExecutorService {
+    /*
-<
+     * See the extended comments interspersed below for design,
-<
+     * rationale, and walkthroughs.
->
+     * Implementation Overview
->
+     *
->
+     * This class provides the central bookkeeping and control for a
->
+     * set of worker threads: Submissions from non-FJ threads enter
->
+     * into a submission queue. Workers take these tasks and typically
->
+     * split them into subtasks that may be stolen by other workers.
->
+     * The main work-stealing mechanics implemented in class
->
+     * ForkJoinWorkerThread give first priority to processing tasks
->
+     * from their own queues (LIFO or FIFO, depending on mode), then
->
+     * to randomized FIFO steals of tasks in other worker queues, and
->
+     * lastly to new submissions. These mechanics do not consider
->
+     * affinities, loads, cache localities, etc, so rarely provide the
->
+     * best possible performance on a given machine, but portably
->
+     * provide good throughput by averaging over these factors.
->
+     * (Further, even if we did try to use such information, we do not
->
+     * usually have a basis for exploiting it. For example, some sets
->
+     * of tasks profit from cache affinities, but others are harmed by
->
+     * cache pollution effects.)
->
+     *
->
+     * Beyond work-stealing support and essential bookkeeping, the
->
+     * main responsibility of this framework is to take actions when
->
+     * one worker is waiting to join a task stolen (or always held by)
->
+     * another.  Because we are multiplexing many tasks on to a pool
->
+     * of workers, we can't just let them block (as in Thread.join).
->
+     * We also cannot just reassign the joiner's run-time stack with
->
+     * another and replace it later, which would be a form of
->
+     * "continuation", that even if possible is not necessarily a good
->
+     * idea. Given that the creation costs of most threads on most
->
+     * systems mainly surrounds setting up runtime stacks, thread
->
+     * creation and switching is usually not much more expensive than
->
+     * stack creation and switching, and is more flexible). Instead we
->
+     * combine two tactics:
->
+     *
->
+     *   Helping: Arranging for the joiner to execute some task that it
->
+     *      would be running if the steal had not occurred.  Method
->
+     *      ForkJoinWorkerThread.helpJoinTask tracks joining->stealing
->
+     *      links to try to find such a task.
->
+     *
->
+     *   Compensating: Unless there are already enough live threads,
->
+     *      method helpMaintainParallelism() may create or
->
+     *      re-activate a spare thread to compensate for blocked
->
+     *      joiners until they unblock.
->
+     *
->
+     * It is impossible to keep exactly the target (parallelism)
->
+     * number of threads running at any given time.  Determining
->
+     * existence of conservatively safe helping targets, the
->
+     * availability of already-created spares, and the apparent need
->
+     * to create new spares are all racy and require heuristic
->
+     * guidance, so we rely on multiple retries of each.  Compensation
->
+     * occurs in slow-motion. It is triggered only upon timeouts of
->
+     * Object.wait used for joins. This reduces poor decisions that
->
+     * would otherwise be made when threads are waiting for others
->
+     * that are stalled because of unrelated activities such as
->
+     * garbage collection.
->
+     *
->
+     * The ManagedBlocker extension API can't use helping so relies
->
+     * only on compensation in method awaitBlocker.
->
+     *
->
+     * The main throughput advantages of work-stealing stem from
->
+     * decentralized control -- workers mostly steal tasks from each
->
+     * other. We do not want to negate this by creating bottlenecks
->
+     * implementing other management responsibilities. So we use a
->
+     * collection of techniques that avoid, reduce, or cope well with
->
+     * contention. These entail several instances of bit-packing into
->
+     * CASable fields to maintain only the minimally required
->
+     * atomicity. To enable such packing, we restrict maximum
->
+     * parallelism to (1<<15)-1 (enabling twice this (to accommodate
->
+     * unbalanced increments and decrements) to fit into a 16 bit
->
+     * field, which is far in excess of normal operating range.  Even
->
+     * though updates to some of these bookkeeping fields do sometimes
->
+     * contend with each other, they don't normally cache-contend with
->
+     * updates to others enough to warrant memory padding or
->
+     * isolation. So they are all held as fields of ForkJoinPool
->
+     * objects.  The main capabilities are as follows:
->
+     *
->
+     * 1. Creating and removing workers. Workers are recorded in the
->
+     * "workers" array. This is an array as opposed to some other data
->
+     * structure to support index-based random steals by workers.
->
+     * Updates to the array recording new workers and unrecording
->
+     * terminated ones are protected from each other by a lock
->
+     * (workerLock) but the array is otherwise concurrently readable,
->
+     * and accessed directly by workers. To simplify index-based
->
+     * operations, the array size is always a power of two, and all
->
+     * readers must tolerate null slots. Currently, all worker thread
->
+     * creation is on-demand, triggered by task submissions,
->
+     * replacement of terminated workers, and/or compensation for
->
+     * blocked workers. However, all other support code is set up to
->
+     * work with other policies.
->
+     *
->
+     * To ensure that we do not hold on to worker references that
->
+     * would prevent GC, ALL accesses to workers are via indices into
->
+     * the workers array (which is one source of some of the unusual
->
+     * code constructions here). In essence, the workers array serves
->
+     * as a WeakReference mechanism. Thus for example the event queue
->
+     * stores worker indices, not worker references. Access to the
->
+     * workers in associated methods (for example releaseEventWaiters)
->
+     * must both index-check and null-check the IDs. All such accesses
->
+     * ignore bad IDs by returning out early from what they are doing,
->
+     * since this can only be associated with shutdown, in which case
->
+     * it is OK to give up. On termination, we just clobber these
->
+     * data structures without trying to use them.
->
+     *
->
+     * 2. Bookkeeping for dynamically adding and removing workers. We
->
+     * aim to approximately maintain the given level of parallelism.
->
+     * When some workers are known to be blocked (on joins or via
->
+     * ManagedBlocker), we may create or resume others to take their
->
+     * place until they unblock (see below). Implementing this
->
+     * requires counts of the number of "running" threads (i.e., those
->
+     * that are neither blocked nor artificially suspended) as well as
->
+     * the total number.  These two values are packed into one field,
->
+     * "workerCounts" because we need accurate snapshots when deciding
->
+     * to create, resume or suspend.  Note however that the
->
+     * correspondence of these counts to reality is not guaranteed. In
->
+     * particular updates for unblocked threads may lag until they
->
+     * actually wake up.
->
+     *
->
+     * 3. Maintaining global run state. The run state of the pool
->
+     * consists of a runLevel (SHUTDOWN, TERMINATING, etc) similar to
->
+     * those in other Executor implementations, as well as a count of
->
+     * "active" workers -- those that are, or soon will be, or
->
+     * recently were executing tasks. The runLevel and active count
->
+     * are packed together in order to correctly trigger shutdown and
->
+     * termination. Without care, active counts can be subject to very
->
+     * high contention.  We substantially reduce this contention by
->
+     * relaxing update rules.  A worker must claim active status
->
+     * prospectively, by activating if it sees that a submitted or
->
+     * stealable task exists (it may find after activating that the
->
+     * task no longer exists). It stays active while processing this
->
+     * task (if it exists) and any other local subtasks it produces,
->
+     * until it cannot find any other tasks. It then tries
->
+     * inactivating (see method preStep), but upon update contention
->
+     * instead scans for more tasks, later retrying inactivation if it
->
+     * doesn't find any.
->
+     *
->
+     * 4. Managing idle workers waiting for tasks. We cannot let
->
+     * workers spin indefinitely scanning for tasks when none are
->
+     * available. On the other hand, we must quickly prod them into
->
+     * action when new tasks are submitted or generated.  We
->
+     * park/unpark these idle workers using an event-count scheme.
->
+     * Field eventCount is incremented upon events that may enable
->
+     * workers that previously could not find a task to now find one:
->
+     * Submission of a new task to the pool, or another worker pushing
->
+     * a task onto a previously empty queue.  (We also use this
->
+     * mechanism for configuration and termination actions that
->
+     * require wakeups of idle workers).  Each worker maintains its
->
+     * last known event count, and blocks when a scan for work did not
->
+     * find a task AND its lastEventCount matches the current
->
+     * eventCount. Waiting idle workers are recorded in a variant of
->
+     * Treiber stack headed by field eventWaiters which, when nonzero,
->
+     * encodes the thread index and count awaited for by the worker
->
+     * thread most recently calling eventSync. This thread in turn has
->
+     * a record (field nextEventWaiter) for the next waiting worker.
->
+     * In addition to allowing simpler decisions about need for
->
+     * wakeup, the event count bits in eventWaiters serve the role of
->
+     * tags to avoid ABA errors in Treiber stacks. Upon any wakeup,
->
+     * released threads also try to release at most two others.  The
->
+     * net effect is a tree-like diffusion of signals, where released
->
+     * threads (and possibly others) help with unparks.  To further
->
+     * reduce contention effects a bit, failed CASes to increment
->
+     * field eventCount are tolerated without retries in signalWork.
->
+     * Conceptually they are merged into the same event, which is OK
->
+     * when their only purpose is to enable workers to scan for work.
->
+     *
->
+     * 5. Managing suspension of extra workers. When a worker notices
->
+     * (usually upon timeout of a wait()) that there are too few
->
+     * running threads, we may create a new thread to maintain
->
+     * parallelism level, or at least avoid starvation. Usually, extra
->
+     * threads are needed for only very short periods, yet join
->
+     * dependencies are such that we sometimes need them in
->
+     * bursts. Rather than create new threads each time this happens,
->
+     * we suspend no-longer-needed extra ones as "spares". For most
->
+     * purposes, we don't distinguish "extra" spare threads from
->
+     * normal "core" threads: On each call to preStep (the only point
->
+     * at which we can do this) a worker checks to see if there are
->
+     * now too many running workers, and if so, suspends itself.
->
+     * Method helpMaintainParallelism looks for suspended threads to
->
+     * resume before considering creating a new replacement. The
->
+     * spares themselves are encoded on another variant of a Treiber
->
+     * Stack, headed at field "spareWaiters".  Note that the use of
->
+     * spares is intrinsically racy.  One thread may become a spare at
->
+     * about the same time as another is needlessly being created. We
->
+     * counteract this and related slop in part by requiring resumed
->
+     * spares to immediately recheck (in preStep) to see whether they
->
+     * should re-suspend.
->
+     *
->
+     * 6. Killing off unneeded workers. A timeout mechanism is used to
->
+     * shed unused workers: The oldest (first) event queue waiter uses
->
+     * a timed rather than hard wait. When this wait times out without
->
+     * a normal wakeup, it tries to shutdown any one (for convenience
->
+     * the newest) other spare or event waiter via
->
+     * tryShutdownUnusedWorker. This eventually reduces the number of
->
+     * worker threads to a minimum of one after a long enough period
->
+     * without use.
->
+     *
->
+     * 7. Deciding when to create new workers. The main dynamic
->
+     * control in this class is deciding when to create extra threads
->
+     * in method helpMaintainParallelism. We would like to keep
->
+     * exactly #parallelism threads running, which is an impossible
->
+     * task. We always need to create one when the number of running
->
+     * threads would become zero and all workers are busy. Beyond
->
+     * this, we must rely on heuristics that work well in the
->
+     * presence of transient phenomena such as GC stalls, dynamic
->
+     * compilation, and wake-up lags. These transients are extremely
->
+     * common -- we are normally trying to fully saturate the CPUs on
->
+     * a machine, so almost any activity other than running tasks
->
+     * impedes accuracy. Our main defense is to allow parallelism to
->
+     * lapse for a while during joins, and use a timeout to see if,
->
+     * after the resulting settling, there is still a need for
->
+     * additional workers.  This also better copes with the fact that
->
+     * some of the methods in this class tend to never become compiled
->
+     * (but are interpreted), so some components of the entire set of
->
+     * controls might execute 100 times faster than others. And
->
+     * similarly for cases where the apparent lack of work is just due
->
+     * to GC stalls and other transient system activity.
->
+     *
->
+     * Beware that there is a lot of representation-level coupling
->
+     * among classes ForkJoinPool, ForkJoinWorkerThread, and
->
+     * ForkJoinTask.  For example, direct access to "workers" array by
->
+     * workers, and direct access to ForkJoinTask.status by both
->
+     * ForkJoinPool and ForkJoinWorkerThread.  There is little point
->
+     * trying to reduce this, since any associated future changes in
->
+     * representations will need to be accompanied by algorithmic
->
+     * changes anyway.
->
+     *
->
+     * Style notes: There are lots of inline assignments (of form
->
+     * "while ((local = field) != 0)") which are usually the simplest
->
+     * way to ensure the required read orderings (which are sometimes
->
+     * critical). Also several occurrences of the unusual "do {}
->
+     * while (!cas...)" which is the simplest way to force an update of
->
+     * a CAS'ed variable. There are also other coding oddities that
->
+     * help some methods perform reasonably even when interpreted (not
->
+     * compiled), at the expense of some messy constructions that
->
+     * reduce byte code counts.
->
+     *
->
+     * The order of declarations in this file is: (1) statics (2)
->
+     * fields (along with constants used when unpacking some of them)
->
+     * (3) internal control methods (4) callbacks and other support
->
+     * for ForkJoinTask and ForkJoinWorkerThread classes, (5) exported
->
+     * methods (plus a few little helpers).
+     */
-–
+    /** Mask for packing and unpacking shorts */
-–
+    private static final int  shortMask = 0xffff;
-–
-–
+    /** Max pool size -- must be a power of two minus 1 */
-–
+    private static final int MAX_THREADS =  0x7FFF;
-–
+    /**
+     * Factory for creating new {@link ForkJoinWorkerThread}s.
+     * A {@code ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory} must be defined and used
+     * Default ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory implementation; creates a
+     * new ForkJoinWorkerThread.
+     */
-<
+    static class  DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
->
+    static class DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
+        implements ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory {
+        public ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool) {
-<
+            try {
-<
+                return new ForkJoinWorkerThread(pool);
-<
+            } catch (OutOfMemoryError oom)  {
-<
+                return null;
-<
+            }
->
+            return new ForkJoinWorkerThread(pool);
+        new AtomicInteger();
+    /**
-<
+     * Array holding all worker threads in the pool. Initialized upon
-<
+     * first use. Array size must be a power of two.  Updates and
-<
+     * replacements are protected by workerLock, but it is always kept
-<
+     * in a consistent enough state to be randomly accessed without
-<
+     * locking by workers performing work-stealing.
->
+     * The time to block in a join (see awaitJoin) before checking if
->
+     * a new worker should be (re)started to maintain parallelism
->
+     * level. The value should be short enough to maintain global
->
+     * responsiveness and progress but long enough to avoid
->
+     * counterproductive firings during GC stalls or unrelated system
->
+     * activity, and to not bog down systems with continual re-firings
->
+     * on GCs or legitimately long waits.
->
+     */
->
+    private static final long JOIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 250L; // 4 per second
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * The wakeup interval (in nanoseconds) for the oldest worker
->
+     * waiting for an event to invoke tryShutdownUnusedWorker to
->
+     * shrink the number of workers.  The exact value does not matter
->
+     * too much. It must be short enough to release resources during
->
+     * sustained periods of idleness, but not so short that threads
->
+     * are continually re-created.
->
+     */
->
+    private static final long SHRINK_RATE_NANOS =
->
+L * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L; // 2 per minute
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Absolute bound for parallelism level. Twice this number plus
->
+     * one (i.e., 0xfff) must fit into a 16bit field to enable
->
+     * word-packing for some counts and indices.
->
+     */
->
+    private static final int MAX_WORKERS   = 0x7fff;
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Array holding all worker threads in the pool.  Array size must
->
+     * be a power of two.  Updates and replacements are protected by
->
+     * workerLock, but the array is always kept in a consistent enough
->
+     * state to be randomly accessed without locking by workers
->
+     * performing work-stealing, as well as other traversal-based
->
+     * methods in this class. All readers must tolerate that some
->
+     * array slots may be null.
+     */
+    volatile ForkJoinWorkerThread[] workers;
+    /**
-<
+     * Lock protecting access to workers.
->
+     * Queue for external submissions.
+     */
-<
+    private final ReentrantLock workerLock;
->
+    private final LinkedTransferQueue<ForkJoinTask<?>> submissionQueue;
+    /**
-<
+     * Condition for awaitTermination.
->
+     * Lock protecting updates to workers array.
+     */
-<
+    private final Condition termination;
->
+    private final ReentrantLock workerLock;
+    /**
-<
+     * The uncaught exception handler used when any worker
-<
+     * abruptly terminates
->
+     * Latch released upon termination.
+     */
-<
+    private Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh;
->
+    private final Phaser termination;
+    /**
+     * Creation factory for worker threads.
+    private final ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory;
+    /**
-–
+     * Head of stack of threads that were created to maintain
-–
+     * parallelism when other threads blocked, but have since
-–
+     * suspended when the parallelism level rose.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private volatile WaitQueueNode spareStack;
-–
-–
+    /**
+     * Sum of per-thread steal counts, updated only when threads are
+     * idle or terminating.
+     */
-<
+    private final AtomicLong stealCount;
->
+    private volatile long stealCount;
+    /**
-<
+     * Queue for external submissions.
->
+     * Encoded record of top of Treiber stack of threads waiting for
->
+     * events. The top 32 bits contain the count being waited for. The
->
+     * bottom 16 bits contains one plus the pool index of waiting
->
+     * worker thread. (Bits 16-31 are unused.)
+     */
-<
+    private final LinkedTransferQueue<ForkJoinTask<?>> submissionQueue;
->
+    private volatile long eventWaiters;
->
->
+    private static final int EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT = 32;
->
+    private static final int WAITER_ID_MASK    = (1 << 16) - 1;
+    /**
-<
+     * Head of Treiber stack for barrier sync. See below for explanation.
->
+     * A counter for events that may wake up worker threads:
->
+     *   - Submission of a new task to the pool
->
+     *   - A worker pushing a task on an empty queue
->
+     *   - termination
+     */
-<
+    private volatile WaitQueueNode syncStack;
->
+    private volatile int eventCount;
+    /**
-<
+     * The count for event barrier
->
+     * Encoded record of top of Treiber stack of spare threads waiting
->
+     * for resumption. The top 16 bits contain an arbitrary count to
->
+     * avoid ABA effects. The bottom 16bits contains one plus the pool
->
+     * index of waiting worker thread.
+     */
-<
+    private volatile long eventCount;
->
+    private volatile int spareWaiters;
->
->
+    private static final int SPARE_COUNT_SHIFT = 16;
->
+    private static final int SPARE_ID_MASK     = (1 << 16) - 1;
+    /**
-<
+     * Pool number, just for assigning useful names to worker threads
->
+     * Lifecycle control. The low word contains the number of workers
->
+     * that are (probably) executing tasks. This value is atomically
->
+     * incremented before a worker gets a task to run, and decremented
->
+     * when a worker has no tasks and cannot find any.  Bits 16-18
->
+     * contain runLevel value. When all are zero, the pool is
->
+     * running. Level transitions are monotonic (running -> shutdown
->
+     * -> terminating -> terminated) so each transition adds a bit.
->
+     * These are bundled together to ensure consistent read for
->
+     * termination checks (i.e., that runLevel is at least SHUTDOWN
->
+     * and active threads is zero).
->
+     *
->
+     * Notes: Most direct CASes are dependent on these bitfield
->
+     * positions.  Also, this field is non-private to enable direct
->
+     * performance-sensitive CASes in ForkJoinWorkerThread.
+     */
-<
+    private final int poolNumber;
->
+    volatile int runState;
->
->
+    // Note: The order among run level values matters.
->
+    private static final int RUNLEVEL_SHIFT     = 16;
->
+    private static final int SHUTDOWN           = 1 << RUNLEVEL_SHIFT;
->
+    private static final int TERMINATING        = 1 << (RUNLEVEL_SHIFT + 1);
->
+    private static final int TERMINATED         = 1 << (RUNLEVEL_SHIFT + 2);
->
+    private static final int ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK  = (1 << RUNLEVEL_SHIFT) - 1;
+    /**
-<
+     * The maximum allowed pool size
->
+     * Holds number of total (i.e., created and not yet terminated)
->
+     * and running (i.e., not blocked on joins or other managed sync)
->
+     * threads, packed together to ensure consistent snapshot when
->
+     * making decisions about creating and suspending spare
->
+     * threads. Updated only by CAS. Note that adding a new worker
->
+     * requires incrementing both counts, since workers start off in
->
+     * running state.
+     */
-<
+    private volatile int maxPoolSize;
->
+    private volatile int workerCounts;
->
->
+    private static final int TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT  = 16;
->
+    private static final int RUNNING_COUNT_MASK = (1 << TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) - 1;
->
+    private static final int ONE_RUNNING        = 1;
->
+    private static final int ONE_TOTAL          = 1 << TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT;
+    /**
-<
+     * The desired parallelism level, updated only under workerLock.
->
+     * The target parallelism level.
->
+     * Accessed directly by ForkJoinWorkerThreads.
+     */
-<
+    private volatile int parallelism;
->
+    final int parallelism;
+    /**
+     * True if use local fifo, not default lifo, for local polling
-+
+     * Read by, and replicated by ForkJoinWorkerThreads
+     */
-<
+    private volatile boolean locallyFifo;
->
+    final boolean locallyFifo;
+    /**
-<
+     * Holds number of total (i.e., created and not yet terminated)
-<
+     * and running (i.e., not blocked on joins or other managed sync)
-<
+     * threads, packed into one int to ensure consistent snapshot when
-<
+     * making decisions about creating and suspending spare
-<
+     * threads. Updated only by CAS.  Note: CASes in
-<
+     * updateRunningCount and preJoin assume that running active count
-<
+     * is in low word, so need to be modified if this changes.
->
+     * The uncaught exception handler used when any worker abruptly
->
+     * terminates.
+     */
-<
+    private volatile int workerCounts;
-<
-<
+    private static int totalCountOf(int s)           { return s >>> 16;  }
-<
+    private static int runningCountOf(int s)         { return s & shortMask; }
-<
+    private static int workerCountsFor(int t, int r) { return (t << 16) + r; }
->
+    private final Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh;
+    /**
-<
+     * Adds delta (which may be negative) to running count.  This must
-<
+     * be called before (with negative arg) and after (with positive)
-<
+     * any managed synchronization (i.e., mainly, joins).
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param delta the number to add
->
+     * Pool number, just for assigning useful names to worker threads
+     */
-<
+    final void updateRunningCount(int delta) {
-<
+        int s;
-<
+        do {} while (!casWorkerCounts(s = workerCounts, s + delta));
-<
+    }
->
+    private final int poolNumber;
->
->
+    // Utilities for CASing fields. Note that most of these
->
+    // are usually manually inlined by callers
+    /**
-<
+     * Adds delta (which may be negative) to both total and running
-<
+     * count.  This must be called upon creation and termination of
-<
+     * worker threads.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param delta the number to add
->
+     * Increments running count part of workerCounts.
+     */
-<
+    private void updateWorkerCount(int delta) {
-<
+        int d = delta + (delta << 16); // add to both lo and hi parts
-<
+        int s;
-<
+        do {} while (!casWorkerCounts(s = workerCounts, s + d));
->
+    final void incrementRunningCount() {
->
+        int c;
->
+        do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                               c = workerCounts,
->
+                                               c + ONE_RUNNING));
+    /**
-<
+     * Lifecycle control. High word contains runState, low word
-<
+     * contains the number of workers that are (probably) executing
-<
+     * tasks. This value is atomically incremented before a worker
-<
+     * gets a task to run, and decremented when worker has no tasks
-<
+     * and cannot find any. These two fields are bundled together to
-<
+     * support correct termination triggering.  Note: activeCount
-<
+     * CAS'es cheat by assuming active count is in low word, so need
-<
+     * to be modified if this changes
->
+     * Tries to increment running count part of workerCounts.
+     */
-<
+    private volatile int runControl;
-<
-<
+    // RunState values. Order among values matters
-<
+    private static final int RUNNING     = 0;
-<
+    private static final int SHUTDOWN    = 1;
-<
+    private static final int TERMINATING = 2;
-<
+    private static final int TERMINATED  = 3;
-<
-<
+    private static int runStateOf(int c)             { return c >>> 16; }
-<
+    private static int activeCountOf(int c)          { return c & shortMask; }
-<
+    private static int runControlFor(int r, int a)   { return (r << 16) + a; }
->
+    final boolean tryIncrementRunningCount() {
->
+        int c;
->
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                        c = workerCounts,
->
+                                        c + ONE_RUNNING);
->
+    }
+    /**
-<
+     * Tries incrementing active count; fails on contention.
-<
+     * Called by workers before/during executing tasks.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @return true on success
->
+     * Tries to decrement running count unless already zero.
+     */
-<
+    final boolean tryIncrementActiveCount() {
-<
+        int c = runControl;
-<
+        return casRunControl(c, c+1);
->
+    final boolean tryDecrementRunningCount() {
->
+        int wc = workerCounts;
->
+        if ((wc & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) == 0)
->
+            return false;
->
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                        wc, wc - ONE_RUNNING);
+    /**
-<
+     * Tries decrementing active count; fails on contention.
-<
+     * Possibly triggers termination on success.
-<
+     * Called by workers when they can't find tasks.
->
+     * Forces decrement of encoded workerCounts, awaiting nonzero if
->
+     * (rarely) necessary when other count updates lag.
-<
+     * @return true on success
->
+     * @param dr -- either zero or ONE_RUNNING
->
+     * @param dt -- either zero or ONE_TOTAL
+     */
-<
+    final boolean tryDecrementActiveCount() {
-<
+        int c = runControl;
-<
+        int nextc = c - 1;
-<
+        if (!casRunControl(c, nextc))
-<
+            return false;
-<
+        if (canTerminateOnShutdown(nextc))
-<
+            terminateOnShutdown();
-<
+        return true;
->
+    private void decrementWorkerCounts(int dr, int dt) {
->
+        for (;;) {
->
+            int wc = workerCounts;
->
+            if ((wc & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK)  - dr < 0 ||
->
+                (wc >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) - dt < 0) {
->
+                if ((runState & TERMINATED) != 0)
->
+                    return; // lagging termination on a backout
->
+                Thread.yield();
->
+            }
->
+            if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                         wc, wc - (dr + dt)))
->
+                return;
->
+        }
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns {@code true} if argument represents zero active count
-<
+     * and nonzero runstate, which is the triggering condition for
-<
+     * terminating on shutdown.
->
+     * Tries decrementing active count; fails on contention.
->
+     * Called when workers cannot find tasks to run.
+     */
-<
+    private static boolean canTerminateOnShutdown(int c) {
-<
+        // i.e. least bit is nonzero runState bit
-<
+        return ((c & -c) >>> 16) != 0;
->
+    final boolean tryDecrementActiveCount() {
->
+        int c;
->
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset,
->
+                                        c = runState, c - 1);
+    /**
-<
+     * Transition run state to at least the given state. Return true
-<
+     * if not already at least given state.
->
+     * Advances to at least the given level. Returns true if not
->
+     * already in at least the given level.
+     */
-<
+    private boolean transitionRunStateTo(int state) {
->
+    private boolean advanceRunLevel(int level) {
+        for (;;) {
-<
+            int c = runControl;
-<
+            if (runStateOf(c) >= state)
->
+            int s = runState;
->
+            if ((s & level) != 0)
+                return false;
-<
+            if (casRunControl(c, runControlFor(state, activeCountOf(c))))
->
+            if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s, s | level))
+                return true;
-+
+    // workers array maintenance
-+
+    /**
-<
+     * Controls whether to add spares to maintain parallelism
->
+     * Records and returns a workers array index for new worker.
+     */
-<
+    private volatile boolean maintainsParallelism;
->
+    private int recordWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
->
+        // Try using slot totalCount-1. If not available, scan and/or resize
->
+        int k = (workerCounts >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) - 1;
->
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
->
+        lock.lock();
->
+        try {
->
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
->
+            int n = ws.length;
->
+            if (k < 0 || k >= n || ws[k] != null) {
->
+                for (k = 0; k < n && ws[k] != null; ++k)
->
+                    ;
->
+                if (k == n)
->
+                    ws = workers = Arrays.copyOf(ws, n << 1);
->
+            }
->
+            ws[k] = w;
->
+            int c = eventCount; // advance event count to ensure visibility
->
+            UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, eventCountOffset, c, c+1);
->
+        } finally {
->
+            lock.unlock();
->
+        }
->
+        return k;
->
+    }
-<
+    // Constructors
->
+    /**
->
+     * Nulls out record of worker in workers array.
->
+     */
->
+    private void forgetWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
->
+        int idx = w.poolIndex;
->
+        // Locking helps method recordWorker avoid unnecessary expansion
->
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
->
+        lock.lock();
->
+        try {
->
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
->
+            if (idx >= 0 && idx < ws.length && ws[idx] == w) // verify
->
+                ws[idx] = null;
->
+        } finally {
->
+            lock.unlock();
->
+        }
->
+    }
+    /**
-<
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with parallelism equal to {@link
-<
+     * java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}, and using the {@linkplain
-<
+     * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory}.
->
+     * Final callback from terminating worker.  Removes record of
->
+     * worker from array, and adjusts counts. If pool is shutting
->
+     * down, tries to complete termination.
-<
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-<
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-<
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-<
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
->
+     * @param w the worker
+     */
-<
+    public ForkJoinPool() {
-<
+        this(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
-<
+             defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory);
->
+    final void workerTerminated(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
->
+        forgetWorker(w);
->
+        decrementWorkerCounts(w.isTrimmed() ? 0 : ONE_RUNNING, ONE_TOTAL);
->
+        while (w.stealCount != 0) // collect final count
->
+            tryAccumulateStealCount(w);
->
+        tryTerminate(false);
-+
+    // Waiting for and signalling events
-+
+    /**
-<
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the indicated parallelism
-<
+     * level and using the {@linkplain
-<
+     * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory}.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param parallelism the parallelism level
-<
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
-<
+     *         equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
-<
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-<
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-<
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-<
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
->
+     * Releases workers blocked on a count not equal to current count.
->
+     * Normally called after precheck that eventWaiters isn't zero to
->
+     * avoid wasted array checks. Gives up upon a change in count or
->
+     * upon releasing two workers, letting others take over.
+     */
-<
+    public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) {
-<
+        this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory);
->
+    private void releaseEventWaiters() {
->
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
->
+        int n = ws.length;
->
+        long h = eventWaiters;
->
+        int ec = eventCount;
->
+        boolean releasedOne = false;
->
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread w; int id;
->
+        while ((id = (((int)h) & WAITER_ID_MASK) - 1) >= 0 &&
->
+               (int)(h >>> EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT) != ec &&
->
+               id < n && (w = ws[id]) != null) {
->
+            if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, eventWaitersOffset,
->
+                                          h,  w.nextWaiter)) {
->
+                LockSupport.unpark(w);
->
+                if (releasedOne) // exit on second release
->
+                    break;
->
+                releasedOne = true;
->
+            }
->
+            if (eventCount != ec)
->
+                break;
->
+            h = eventWaiters;
->
+        }
+    /**
-<
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with parallelism equal to {@link
-<
+     * java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}, and using the given
-<
+     * thread factory.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param factory the factory for creating new threads
-<
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the factory is null
-<
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-<
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-<
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-<
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
->
+     * Tries to advance eventCount and releases waiters. Called only
->
+     * from workers.
+     */
-<
+    public ForkJoinPool(ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory) {
-<
+        this(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(), factory);
->
+    final void signalWork() {
->
+        int c; // try to increment event count -- CAS failure OK
->
+        UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, eventCountOffset, c = eventCount, c+1);
->
+        if (eventWaiters != 0L)
->
+            releaseEventWaiters();
+    /**
-<
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the given parallelism and
-<
+     * thread factory.
->
+     * Adds the given worker to event queue and blocks until
->
+     * terminating or event count advances from the given value
-<
+     * @param parallelism the parallelism level
-<
+     * @param factory the factory for creating new threads
-<
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
-<
+     *         equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
-<
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the factory is null
-<
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-<
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-<
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-<
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
->
+     * @param w the calling worker thread
->
+     * @param ec the count
+     */
-<
+    public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory) {
-<
+        if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > MAX_THREADS)
-<
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-<
+        if (factory == null)
-<
+            throw new NullPointerException();
-<
+        checkPermission();
-<
+        this.factory = factory;
-<
+        this.parallelism = parallelism;
-<
+        this.maxPoolSize = MAX_THREADS;
-<
+        this.maintainsParallelism = true;
-<
+        this.poolNumber = poolNumberGenerator.incrementAndGet();
-<
+        this.workerLock = new ReentrantLock();
-<
+        this.termination = workerLock.newCondition();
-<
+        this.stealCount = new AtomicLong();
-<
+        this.submissionQueue = new LinkedTransferQueue<ForkJoinTask<?>>();
-<
+        // worker array and workers are lazily constructed
->
+    private void eventSync(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, int ec) {
->
+        long nh = (((long)ec) << EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT) | ((long)(w.poolIndex+1));
->
+        long h;
->
+        while ((runState < SHUTDOWN || !tryTerminate(false)) &&
->
+               (((int)(h = eventWaiters) & WAITER_ID_MASK) == 0 ||
->
+                (int)(h >>> EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT) == ec) &&
->
+               eventCount == ec) {
->
+            if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, eventWaitersOffset,
->
+                                          w.nextWaiter = h, nh)) {
->
+                awaitEvent(w, ec);
->
+                break;
->
+            }
->
+        }
+    /**
-<
+     * Creates a new worker thread using factory.
->
+     * Blocks the given worker (that has already been entered as an
->
+     * event waiter) until terminating or event count advances from
->
+     * the given value. The oldest (first) waiter uses a timed wait to
->
+     * occasionally one-by-one shrink the number of workers (to a
->
+     * minimum of one) if the pool has not been used for extended
->
+     * periods.
-<
+     * @param index the index to assign worker
-<
+     * @return new worker, or null if factory failed
->
+     * @param w the calling worker thread
->
+     * @param ec the count
+     */
-<
+    private ForkJoinWorkerThread createWorker(int index) {
-<
+        Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler h = ueh;
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = factory.newThread(this);
-<
+        if (w != null) {
-<
+            w.poolIndex = index;
-<
+            w.setDaemon(true);
-<
+            w.setAsyncMode(locallyFifo);
-<
+            w.setName("ForkJoinPool-" + poolNumber + "-worker-" + index);
-<
+            if (h != null)
-<
+                w.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(h);
->
+    private void awaitEvent(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, int ec) {
->
+        while (eventCount == ec) {
->
+            if (tryAccumulateStealCount(w)) { // transfer while idle
->
+                boolean untimed = (w.nextWaiter != 0L ||
->
+                                   (workerCounts & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) <= 1);
->
+                long startTime = untimed ? 0 : System.nanoTime();
->
+                Thread.interrupted();         // clear/ignore interrupt
->
+                if (w.isTerminating() || eventCount != ec)
->
+                    break;                    // recheck after clear
->
+                if (untimed)
->
+                    LockSupport.park(w);
->
+                else {
->
+                    LockSupport.parkNanos(w, SHRINK_RATE_NANOS);
->
+                    if (eventCount != ec || w.isTerminating())
->
+                        break;
->
+                    if (System.nanoTime() - startTime >= SHRINK_RATE_NANOS)
->
+                        tryShutdownUnusedWorker(ec);
->
+                }
->
+            }
-–
+        return w;
-+
+    // Maintaining parallelism
-+
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns a good size for worker array given pool size.
-<
+     * Currently requires size to be a power of two.
->
+     * Pushes worker onto the spare stack.
+     */
-<
+    private static int arraySizeFor(int poolSize) {
-<
+        if (poolSize <= 1)
-<
+            return 1;
-<
+        // See Hackers Delight, sec 3.2
-<
+        int c = poolSize >= MAX_THREADS ? MAX_THREADS : (poolSize - 1);
-<
+        c |= c >>>  1;
-<
+        c |= c >>>  2;
-<
+        c |= c >>>  4;
-<
+        c |= c >>>  8;
-<
+        c |= c >>> 16;
-<
+        return c + 1;
->
+    final void pushSpare(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
->
+        int ns = (++w.spareCount << SPARE_COUNT_SHIFT) | (w.poolIndex + 1);
->
+        do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, spareWaitersOffset,
->
+                                               w.nextSpare = spareWaiters,ns));
+    /**
-<
+     * Creates or resizes array if necessary to hold newLength.
-<
+     * Call only under exclusion.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @return the array
->
+     * Tries (once) to resume a spare if the number of running
->
+     * threads is less than target.
+     */
-<
+    private ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(int newLength) {
->
+    private void tryResumeSpare() {
->
+        int sw, id;
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+        if (ws == null)
-<
+            return workers = new ForkJoinWorkerThread[arraySizeFor(newLength)];
-<
+        else if (newLength > ws.length)
-<
+            return workers = Arrays.copyOf(ws, arraySizeFor(newLength));
-<
+        else
-<
+            return ws;
->
+        int n = ws.length;
->
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread w;
->
+        if ((sw = spareWaiters) != 0 &&
->
+            (id = (sw & SPARE_ID_MASK) - 1) >= 0 &&
->
+            id < n && (w = ws[id]) != null &&
->
+            (runState >= TERMINATING ||
->
+             (workerCounts & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) < parallelism) &&
->
+            spareWaiters == sw &&
->
+            UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, spareWaitersOffset,
->
+                                     sw, w.nextSpare)) {
->
+            int c; // increment running count before resume
->
+            do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt
->
+                         (this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                          c = workerCounts, c + ONE_RUNNING));
->
+            if (w.tryUnsuspend())
->
+                LockSupport.unpark(w);
->
+            else   // back out if w was shutdown
->
+                decrementWorkerCounts(ONE_RUNNING, 0);
->
+        }
->
+    }
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Tries to increase the number of running workers if below target
->
+     * parallelism: If a spare exists tries to resume it via
->
+     * tryResumeSpare.  Otherwise, if not enough total workers or all
->
+     * existing workers are busy, adds a new worker. In all cases also
->
+     * helps wake up releasable workers waiting for work.
->
+     */
->
+    private void helpMaintainParallelism() {
->
+        int pc = parallelism;
->
+        int wc, rs, tc;
->
+        while (((wc = workerCounts) & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) < pc &&
->
+               (rs = runState) < TERMINATING) {
->
+            if (spareWaiters != 0)
->
+                tryResumeSpare();
->
+            else if ((tc = wc >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) >= MAX_WORKERS ||
->
+                     (tc >= pc && (rs & ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK) != tc))
->
+                break;   // enough total
->
+            else if (runState == rs && workerCounts == wc &&
->
+                     UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset, wc,
->
+                                              wc + (ONE_RUNNING|ONE_TOTAL))) {
->
+                ForkJoinWorkerThread w = null;
->
+                Throwable fail = null;
->
+                try {
->
+                    w = factory.newThread(this);
->
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
->
+                    fail = ex;
->
+                }
->
+                if (w == null) { // null or exceptional factory return
->
+                    decrementWorkerCounts(ONE_RUNNING, ONE_TOTAL);
->
+                    tryTerminate(false); // handle failure during shutdown
->
+                    // If originating from an external caller,
->
+                    // propagate exception, else ignore
->
+                    if (fail != null && runState < TERMINATING &&
->
+                        !(Thread.currentThread() instanceof
->
+                          ForkJoinWorkerThread))
->
+                        UNSAFE.throwException(fail);
->
+                    break;
->
+                }
->
+                w.start(recordWorker(w), ueh);
->
+                if ((workerCounts >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) >= pc)
->
+                    break; // add at most one unless total below target
->
+            }
->
+        }
->
+        if (eventWaiters != 0L)
->
+            releaseEventWaiters();
+    /**
-<
+     * Tries to shrink workers into smaller array after one or more terminate.
->
+     * Callback from the oldest waiter in awaitEvent waking up after a
->
+     * period of non-use. If all workers are idle, tries (once) to
->
+     * shutdown an event waiter or a spare, if one exists. Note that
->
+     * we don't need CAS or locks here because the method is called
->
+     * only from one thread occasionally waking (and even misfires are
->
+     * OK). Note that until the shutdown worker fully terminates,
->
+     * workerCounts will overestimate total count, which is tolerable.
->
+     *
->
+     * @param ec the event count waited on by caller (to abort
->
+     * attempt if count has since changed).
+     */
-<
+    private void tryShrinkWorkerArray() {
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+        if (ws != null) {
-<
+            int len = ws.length;
-<
+            int last = len - 1;
-<
+            while (last >= 0 && ws[last] == null)
-<
+                --last;
-<
+            int newLength = arraySizeFor(last+1);
-<
+            if (newLength < len)
-<
+                workers = Arrays.copyOf(ws, newLength);
->
+    private void tryShutdownUnusedWorker(int ec) {
->
+        if (runState == 0 && eventCount == ec) { // only trigger if all idle
->
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
->
+            int n = ws.length;
->
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread w = null;
->
+            boolean shutdown = false;
->
+            int sw;
->
+            long h;
->
+            if ((sw = spareWaiters) != 0) { // prefer killing spares
->
+                int id = (sw & SPARE_ID_MASK) - 1;
->
+                if (id >= 0 && id < n && (w = ws[id]) != null &&
->
+                    UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, spareWaitersOffset,
->
+                                             sw, w.nextSpare))
->
+                    shutdown = true;
->
+            }
->
+            else if ((h = eventWaiters) != 0L) {
->
+                long nh;
->
+                int id = (((int)h) & WAITER_ID_MASK) - 1;
->
+                if (id >= 0 && id < n && (w = ws[id]) != null &&
->
+                    (nh = w.nextWaiter) != 0L && // keep at least one worker
->
+                    UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, eventWaitersOffset, h, nh))
->
+                    shutdown = true;
->
+            }
->
+            if (w != null && shutdown) {
->
+                w.shutdown();
->
+                LockSupport.unpark(w);
->
+            }
->
+        }
->
+        releaseEventWaiters(); // in case of interference
->
+    }
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Callback from workers invoked upon each top-level action (i.e.,
->
+     * stealing a task or taking a submission and running it).
->
+     * Performs one or more of the following:
->
+     *
->
+     * 1. If the worker is active and either did not run a task
->
+     *    or there are too many workers, try to set its active status
->
+     *    to inactive and update activeCount. On contention, we may
->
+     *    try again in this or a subsequent call.
->
+     *
->
+     * 2. If not enough total workers, help create some.
->
+     *
->
+     * 3. If there are too many running workers, suspend this worker
->
+     *    (first forcing inactive if necessary).  If it is not needed,
->
+     *    it may be shutdown while suspended (via
->
+     *    tryShutdownUnusedWorker).  Otherwise, upon resume it
->
+     *    rechecks running thread count and need for event sync.
->
+     *
->
+     * 4. If worker did not run a task, await the next task event via
->
+     *    eventSync if necessary (first forcing inactivation), upon
->
+     *    which the worker may be shutdown via
->
+     *    tryShutdownUnusedWorker.  Otherwise, help release any
->
+     *    existing event waiters that are now releasable,
->
+     *
->
+     * @param w the worker
->
+     * @param ran true if worker ran a task since last call to this method
->
+     */
->
+    final void preStep(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, boolean ran) {
->
+        int wec = w.lastEventCount;
->
+        boolean active = w.active;
->
+        boolean inactivate = false;
->
+        int pc = parallelism;
->
+        while (w.runState == 0) {
->
+            int rs = runState;
->
+            if (rs >= TERMINATING) {           // propagate shutdown
->
+                w.shutdown();
->
+                break;
->
+            }
->
+            if ((inactivate || (active && (rs & ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK) >= pc)) &&
->
+                UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, rs, --rs)) {
->
+                inactivate = active = w.active = false;
->
+                if (rs == SHUTDOWN) {          // all inactive and shut down
->
+                    tryTerminate(false);
->
+                    continue;
->
+                }
->
+            }
->
+            int wc = workerCounts;             // try to suspend as spare
->
+            if ((wc & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) > pc) {
->
+                if (!(inactivate |= active) && // must inactivate to suspend
->
+                    workerCounts == wc &&
->
+                    UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                             wc, wc - ONE_RUNNING))
->
+                    w.suspendAsSpare();
->
+            }
->
+            else if ((wc >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) < pc)
->
+                helpMaintainParallelism();     // not enough workers
->
+            else if (ran)
->
+                break;
->
+            else {
->
+                long h = eventWaiters;
->
+                int ec = eventCount;
->
+                if (h != 0L && (int)(h >>> EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT) != ec)
->
+                    releaseEventWaiters();     // release others before waiting
->
+                else if (ec != wec) {
->
+                    w.lastEventCount = ec;     // no need to wait
->
+                    break;
->
+                }
->
+                else if (!(inactivate |= active))
->
+                    eventSync(w, wec);         // must inactivate before sync
->
+            }
+    /**
-<
+     * Initializes workers if necessary.
->
+     * Helps and/or blocks awaiting join of the given task.
->
+     * See above for explanation.
->
+     *
->
+     * @param joinMe the task to join
->
+     * @param worker the current worker thread
->
+     * @param timed true if wait should time out
->
+     * @param nanos timeout value if timed
+     */
-<
+    final void ensureWorkerInitialization() {
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+        if (ws == null) {
-<
+            final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-<
+            lock.lock();
-<
+            try {
-<
+                ws = workers;
-<
+                if (ws == null) {
-<
+                    int ps = parallelism;
-<
+                    updateWorkerCount(ps);
-<
+                    ws = ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(ps);
-<
+                    for (int i = 0; i < ps; ++i) {
-<
+                        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = createWorker(i);
-<
+                        if (w != null) {
-<
+                            ws[i] = w;
-<
+                            w.start();
->
+    final void awaitJoin(ForkJoinTask<?> joinMe, ForkJoinWorkerThread worker,
->
+                         boolean timed, long nanos) {
->
+        long startTime = timed? System.nanoTime() : 0L;
->
+        int retries = 2 + (parallelism >> 2); // #helpJoins before blocking
->
+        boolean running = true;               // false when count decremented
->
+        while (joinMe.status >= 0) {
->
+            if (runState >= TERMINATING) {
->
+                joinMe.cancelIgnoringExceptions();
->
+                break;
->
+            }
->
+            running = worker.helpJoinTask(joinMe, running);
->
+            if (joinMe.status < 0)
->
+                break;
->
+            if (retries > 0) {
->
+                --retries;
->
+                continue;
->
+            }
->
+            int wc = workerCounts;
->
+            if ((wc & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) != 0) {
->
+                if (running) {
->
+                    if (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                                  wc, wc - ONE_RUNNING))
->
+                        continue;
->
+                    running = false;
->
+                }
->
+                long h = eventWaiters;
->
+                if (h != 0L && (int)(h >>> EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT) != eventCount)
->
+                    releaseEventWaiters();
->
+                if ((workerCounts & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) != 0) {
->
+                    long ms; int ns;
->
+                    if (!timed) {
->
+                        ms = JOIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS;
->
+                        ns = 0;
->
+                    }
->
+                    else { // at most JOIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS per wait
->
+                        long nt = nanos - (System.nanoTime() - startTime);
->
+                        if (nt <= 0L)
->
+                            break;
->
+                        ms = nt / 1000000;
->
+                        if (ms > JOIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS) {
->
+                            ms = JOIN_TIMEOUT_MILLIS;
->
+                            ns = 0;
+                        else
-<
+                            updateWorkerCount(-1);
->
+                            ns = (int) (nt % 1000000);
-+
+                    joinMe.internalAwaitDone(ms, ns);
-<
+            } finally {
-<
+                lock.unlock();
->
+                if (joinMe.status < 0)
->
+                    break;
-+
+            helpMaintainParallelism();
-+
+        }
-+
+        if (!running) {
-+
+            int c;
-+
+            do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt
-+
+                         (this, workerCountsOffset,
-+
+                          c = workerCounts, c + ONE_RUNNING));
+    /**
-<
+     * Worker creation and startup for threads added via setParallelism.
->
+     * Same idea as awaitJoin, but no helping, retries, or timeouts.
+     */
-<
+    private void createAndStartAddedWorkers() {
-<
+        resumeAllSpares();  // Allow spares to convert to nonspare
-<
+        int ps = parallelism;
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(ps);
-<
+        int len = ws.length;
-<
+        // Sweep through slots, to keep lowest indices most populated
-<
+        int k = 0;
-<
+        while (k < len) {
-<
+            if (ws[k] != null) {
-<
+                ++k;
-<
+                continue;
-<
+            }
-<
+            int s = workerCounts;
-<
+            int tc = totalCountOf(s);
-<
+            int rc = runningCountOf(s);
-<
+            if (rc >= ps || tc >= ps)
->
+    final void awaitBlocker(ManagedBlocker blocker)
->
+        throws InterruptedException {
->
+        while (!blocker.isReleasable()) {
->
+            int wc = workerCounts;
->
+            if ((wc & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) == 0)
->
+                helpMaintainParallelism();
->
+            else if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                              wc, wc - ONE_RUNNING)) {
->
+                try {
->
+                    while (!blocker.isReleasable()) {
->
+                        long h = eventWaiters;
->
+                        if (h != 0L &&
->
+                            (int)(h >>> EVENT_COUNT_SHIFT) != eventCount)
->
+                            releaseEventWaiters();
->
+                        else if ((workerCounts & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK) == 0 &&
->
+                                 runState < TERMINATING)
->
+                            helpMaintainParallelism();
->
+                        else if (blocker.block())
->
+                            break;
->
+                    }
->
+                } finally {
->
+                    int c;
->
+                    do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt
->
+                                 (this, workerCountsOffset,
->
+                                  c = workerCounts, c + ONE_RUNNING));
->
+                }
+                break;
-<
+            if (casWorkerCounts (s, workerCountsFor(tc+1, rc+1))) {
-<
+                ForkJoinWorkerThread w = createWorker(k);
->
+            }
->
+        }
->
+    }
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Possibly initiates and/or completes termination.
->
+     *
->
+     * @param now if true, unconditionally terminate, else only
->
+     * if shutdown and empty queue and no active workers
->
+     * @return true if now terminating or terminated
->
+     */
->
+    private boolean tryTerminate(boolean now) {
->
+        if (now)
->
+            advanceRunLevel(SHUTDOWN); // ensure at least SHUTDOWN
->
+        else if (runState < SHUTDOWN ||
->
+                 !submissionQueue.isEmpty() ||
->
+                 (runState & ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK) != 0)
->
+            return false;
->
->
+        if (advanceRunLevel(TERMINATING))
->
+            startTerminating();
->
->
+        // Finish now if all threads terminated; else in some subsequent call
->
+        if ((workerCounts >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT) == 0) {
->
+            advanceRunLevel(TERMINATED);
->
+            termination.forceTermination();
->
+        }
->
+        return true;
->
+    }
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Actions on transition to TERMINATING
->
+     *
->
+     * Runs up to four passes through workers: (0) shutting down each
->
+     * (without waking up if parked) to quickly spread notifications
->
+     * without unnecessary bouncing around event queues etc (1) wake
->
+     * up and help cancel tasks (2) interrupt (3) mop up races with
->
+     * interrupted workers
->
+     */
->
+    private void startTerminating() {
->
+        cancelSubmissions();
->
+        for (int passes = 0; passes < 4 && workerCounts != 0; ++passes) {
->
+            int c; // advance event count
->
+            UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, eventCountOffset,
->
+                                     c = eventCount, c+1);
->
+            eventWaiters = 0L; // clobber lists
->
+            spareWaiters = 0;
->
+            for (ForkJoinWorkerThread w : workers) {
+                if (w != null) {
-<
+                    ws[k++] = w;
-<
+                    w.start();
-<
+                }
-<
+                else {
-<
+                    updateWorkerCount(-1); // back out on failed creation
-<
+                    break;
->
+                    w.shutdown();
->
+                    if (passes > 0 && !w.isTerminated()) {
->
+                        w.cancelTasks();
->
+                        LockSupport.unpark(w);
->
+                        if (passes > 1 && !w.isInterrupted()) {
->
+                            try {
->
+                                w.interrupt();
->
+                            } catch (SecurityException ignore) {
->
+                            }
->
+                        }
->
+                    }
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Clears out and cancels submissions, ignoring exceptions.
-+
+     */
-+
+    private void cancelSubmissions() {
-+
+        ForkJoinTask<?> task;
-+
+        while ((task = submissionQueue.poll()) != null) {
-+
+            try {
-+
+                task.cancel(false);
-+
+            } catch (Throwable ignore) {
-+
+            }
-+
+        }
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    // misc support for ForkJoinWorkerThread
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Returns pool number.
-+
+     */
-+
+    final int getPoolNumber() {
-+
+        return poolNumber;
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Tries to accumulate steal count from a worker, clearing
-+
+     * the worker's value if successful.
-+
+     *
-+
+     * @return true if worker steal count now zero
-+
+     */
-+
+    final boolean tryAccumulateStealCount(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-+
+        int sc = w.stealCount;
-+
+        long c = stealCount;
-+
+        // CAS even if zero, for fence effects
-+
+        if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, stealCountOffset, c, c + sc)) {
-+
+            if (sc != 0)
-+
+                w.stealCount = 0;
-+
+            return true;
-+
+        }
-+
+        return sc == 0;
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Returns the approximate (non-atomic) number of idle threads per
-+
+     * active thread.
-+
+     */
-+
+    final int idlePerActive() {
-+
+        int pc = parallelism; // use parallelism, not rc
-+
+        int ac = runState;    // no mask -- artificially boosts during shutdown
-+
+        // Use exact results for small values, saturate past 4
-+
+        return ((pc <= ac) ? 0 :
-+
+                (pc >>> 1 <= ac) ? 1 :
-+
+                (pc >>> 2 <= ac) ? 3 :
-+
+                pc >>> 3);
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    // Public and protected methods
-+
-+
+    // Constructors
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with parallelism equal to {@link
-+
+     * java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}, using the {@linkplain
-+
+     * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory},
-+
+     * no UncaughtExceptionHandler, and non-async LIFO processing mode.
-+
+     *
-+
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-+
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-+
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-+
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
-+
+     */
-+
+    public ForkJoinPool() {
-+
+        this(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
-+
+             defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the indicated parallelism
-+
+     * level, the {@linkplain
-+
+     * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory},
-+
+     * no UncaughtExceptionHandler, and non-async LIFO processing mode.
-+
+     *
-+
+     * @param parallelism the parallelism level
-+
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
-+
+     *         equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
-+
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-+
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-+
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-+
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
-+
+     */
-+
+    public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) {
-+
+        this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the given parameters.
-+
+     *
-+
+     * @param parallelism the parallelism level. For default value,
-+
+     * use {@link java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}.
-+
+     * @param factory the factory for creating new threads. For default value,
-+
+     * use {@link #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory}.
-+
+     * @param handler the handler for internal worker threads that
-+
+     * terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing
-+
+     * tasks. For default value, use {@code null}.
-+
+     * @param asyncMode if true,
-+
+     * establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked
-+
+     * tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate
-+
+     * than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which
-+
+     * worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks.
-+
+     * For default value, use {@code false}.
-+
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
-+
+     *         equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
-+
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the factory is null
-+
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-+
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-+
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-+
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
-+
+     */
-+
+    public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,
-+
+                        ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,
-+
+                        Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,
-+
+                        boolean asyncMode) {
-+
+        checkPermission();
-+
+        if (factory == null)
-+
+            throw new NullPointerException();
-+
+        if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > MAX_WORKERS)
-+
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-+
+        this.parallelism = parallelism;
-+
+        this.factory = factory;
-+
+        this.ueh = handler;
-+
+        this.locallyFifo = asyncMode;
-+
+        int arraySize = initialArraySizeFor(parallelism);
-+
+        this.workers = new ForkJoinWorkerThread[arraySize];
-+
+        this.submissionQueue = new LinkedTransferQueue<ForkJoinTask<?>>();
-+
+        this.workerLock = new ReentrantLock();
-+
+        this.termination = new Phaser(1);
-+
+        this.poolNumber = poolNumberGenerator.incrementAndGet();
-+
+    }
-+
-+
+    /**
-+
+     * Returns initial power of two size for workers array.
-+
+     * @param pc the initial parallelism level
-+
+     */
-+
+    private static int initialArraySizeFor(int pc) {
-+
+        // If possible, initially allocate enough space for one spare
-+
+        int size = pc < MAX_WORKERS ? pc + 1 : MAX_WORKERS;
-+
+        // See Hackers Delight, sec 3.2. We know MAX_WORKERS < (1 >>> 16)
-+
+        size |= size >>> 1;
-+
+        size |= size >>> 2;
-+
+        size |= size >>> 4;
-+
+        size |= size >>> 8;
-+
+        return size + 1;
-+
+    }
-+
+    // Execution methods
+    /**
-<
+     * Common code for execute, invoke and submit
->
+     * Submits task and creates, starts, or resumes some workers if necessary
+     */
+    private <T> void doSubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
-–
+        if (task == null)
-–
+            throw new NullPointerException();
-–
+        if (isShutdown())
-–
+            throw new RejectedExecutionException();
-–
+        if (workers == null)
-–
+            ensureWorkerInitialization();
+        submissionQueue.offer(task);
-<
+        signalIdleWorkers();
->
+        int c; // try to increment event count -- CAS failure OK
->
+        UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, eventCountOffset, c = eventCount, c+1);
->
+        helpMaintainParallelism();
+    /**
+     *         scheduled for execution
+     */
+    public <T> T invoke(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
-<
+        doSubmit(task);
-<
+        return task.join();
->
+        if (task == null)
->
+            throw new NullPointerException();
->
+        if (runState >= SHUTDOWN)
->
+            throw new RejectedExecutionException();
->
+        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
->
+        if ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) &&
->
+            ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool == this)
->
+            return task.invoke();  // bypass submit if in same pool
->
+        else {
->
+            doSubmit(task);
->
+            return task.join();
->
+        }
->
+    }
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Unless terminating, forks task if within an ongoing FJ
->
+     * computation in the current pool, else submits as external task.
->
+     */
->
+    private <T> void forkOrSubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
->
+        if (runState >= SHUTDOWN)
->
+            throw new RejectedExecutionException();
->
+        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
->
+        if ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) &&
->
+            ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool == this)
->
+            task.fork();
->
+        else
->
+            doSubmit(task);
+    /**
+     *         scheduled for execution
+     */
+    public void execute(ForkJoinTask<?> task) {
-<
+        doSubmit(task);
->
+        if (task == null)
->
+            throw new NullPointerException();
->
+        forkOrSubmit(task);
+    // AbstractExecutorService methods
+     *         scheduled for execution
+     */
+    public void execute(Runnable task) {
-+
+        if (task == null)
-+
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        ForkJoinTask<?> job;
+        if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap
+            job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task;
+        else
+            job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task, null);
-<
+        doSubmit(job);
->
+        forkOrSubmit(job);
->
+    }
->
->
+    /**
->
+     * Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
->
+     *
->
+     * @param task the task to submit
->
+     * @return the task
->
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
->
+     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
->
+     *         scheduled for execution
->
+     */
->
+    public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
->
+        if (task == null)
->
+            throw new NullPointerException();
->
+        forkOrSubmit(task);
->
+        return task;
+    /**
+     *         scheduled for execution
+     */
+    public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
-+
+        if (task == null)
-+
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        ForkJoinTask<T> job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task);
-<
+        doSubmit(job);
->
+        forkOrSubmit(job);
+        return job;
+     *         scheduled for execution
+     */
+    public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
-+
+        if (task == null)
-+
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        ForkJoinTask<T> job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task, result);
-<
+        doSubmit(job);
->
+        forkOrSubmit(job);
+        return job;
+     *         scheduled for execution
+     */
+    public ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task) {
-+
+        if (task == null)
-+
+            throw new NullPointerException();
+        ForkJoinTask<?> job;
+        if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap
+            job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task;
+        else
+            job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task, null);
-<
+        doSubmit(job);
->
+        forkOrSubmit(job);
+        return job;
+    /**
-–
+     * Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @param task the task to submit
-–
+     * @return the task
-–
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
-–
+     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
-–
+     *         scheduled for execution
-–
+     */
-–
+    public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
-–
+        doSubmit(task);
-–
+        return task;
-–
+    }
-–
-–
-–
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+        invoke(new InvokeAll<T>(forkJoinTasks));
+        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
-<
+        List<Future<T>> futures = (List<Future<T>>) (List) forkJoinTasks;
->
+            List<Future<T>> futures = (List<Future<T>>) (List) forkJoinTasks;
+        return futures;
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = -7914297376763021607L;
-–
+    // Configuration and status settings and queries
-–
+    /**
+     * Returns the factory used for constructing new workers.
+     * @return the handler, or {@code null} if none
+     */
+    public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
-<
+        Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler h;
-<
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-<
+        lock.lock();
-<
+        try {
-<
+            h = ueh;
-<
+        } finally {
-<
+            lock.unlock();
-<
+        }
-<
+        return h;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Sets the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due
-<
+     * to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
-<
+     * Unless set, the current default or ThreadGroup handler is used
-<
+     * as handler.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param h the new handler
-<
+     * @return the old handler, or {@code null} if none
-<
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-<
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-<
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-<
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
-<
+     */
-<
+    public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler
-<
+        setUncaughtExceptionHandler(Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler h) {
-<
+        checkPermission();
-<
+        Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler old = null;
-<
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-<
+        lock.lock();
-<
+        try {
-<
+            old = ueh;
-<
+            ueh = h;
-<
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+            if (ws != null) {
-<
+                for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-<
+                    ForkJoinWorkerThread w = ws[i];
-<
+                    if (w != null)
-<
+                        w.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(h);
-<
+                }
-<
+            }
-<
+        } finally {
-<
+            lock.unlock();
-<
+        }
-<
+        return old;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Sets the target parallelism level of this pool.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param parallelism the target parallelism
-<
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
-<
+     * equal to zero or greater than maximum size bounds
-<
+     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
-<
+     *         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
-<
+     *         because it does not hold {@link
-<
+     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
-<
+     */
-<
+    public void setParallelism(int parallelism) {
-<
+        checkPermission();
-<
+        if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > maxPoolSize)
-<
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-<
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-<
+        lock.lock();
-<
+        try {
-<
+            if (isProcessingTasks()) {
-<
+                int p = this.parallelism;
-<
+                this.parallelism = parallelism;
-<
+                if (workers != null) {
-<
+                    if (parallelism > p)
-<
+                        createAndStartAddedWorkers();
-<
+                    else
-<
+                        trimSpares();
-<
+                }
-<
+            }
-<
+        } finally {
-<
+            lock.unlock();
-<
+        }
-<
+        signalIdleWorkers();
->
+        return ueh;
+    /**
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not
-<
+     * yet terminated.  This result returned by this method may differ
->
+     * yet terminated.  The result returned by this method may differ
+     * from {@link #getParallelism} when threads are created to
+     * maintain parallelism when others are cooperatively blocked.
+     * @return the number of worker threads
+     */
+    public int getPoolSize() {
-<
+        return totalCountOf(workerCounts);
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns the maximum number of threads allowed to exist in the
-<
+     * pool. Unless set using {@link #setMaximumPoolSize}, the
-<
+     * maximum is an implementation-defined value designed only to
-<
+     * prevent runaway growth.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @return the maximum
-<
+     */
-<
+    public int getMaximumPoolSize() {
-<
+        return maxPoolSize;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Sets the maximum number of threads allowed to exist in the
-<
+     * pool. The given value should normally be greater than or equal
-<
+     * to the {@link #getParallelism parallelism} level. Setting this
-<
+     * value has no effect on current pool size. It controls
-<
+     * construction of new threads.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if negative or greater than
-<
+     * internal implementation limit
-<
+     */
-<
+    public void setMaximumPoolSize(int newMax) {
-<
+        if (newMax < 0 || newMax > MAX_THREADS)
-<
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
-<
+        maxPoolSize = newMax;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns {@code true} if this pool dynamically maintains its
-<
+     * target parallelism level. If false, new threads are added only
-<
+     * to avoid possible starvation.  This setting is by default true.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @return {@code true} if maintains parallelism
-<
+     */
-<
+    public boolean getMaintainsParallelism() {
-<
+        return maintainsParallelism;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Sets whether this pool dynamically maintains its target
-<
+     * parallelism level. If false, new threads are added only to
-<
+     * avoid possible starvation.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param enable {@code true} to maintain parallelism
-<
+     */
-<
+    public void setMaintainsParallelism(boolean enable) {
-<
+        maintainsParallelism = enable;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked
-<
+     * tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate
-<
+     * than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which
-<
+     * worker threads only process asynchronous tasks.  This method is
-<
+     * designed to be invoked only when the pool is quiescent, and
-<
+     * typically only before any tasks are submitted. The effects of
-<
+     * invocations at other times may be unpredictable.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param async if {@code true}, use locally FIFO scheduling
-<
+     * @return the previous mode
-<
+     * @see #getAsyncMode
-<
+     */
-<
+    public boolean setAsyncMode(boolean async) {
-<
+        boolean oldMode = locallyFifo;
-<
+        locallyFifo = async;
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+        if (ws != null) {
-<
+            for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-<
+                ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
-<
+                if (t != null)
-<
+                    t.setAsyncMode(async);
-<
+            }
-<
+        }
-<
+        return oldMode;
->
+        return workerCounts >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT;
+    /**
+     * scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined.
+     * @return {@code true} if this pool uses async mode
-–
+     * @see #setAsyncMode
+     */
+    public boolean getAsyncMode() {
+        return locallyFifo;
+    /**
+     * Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are
+     * not blocked waiting to join tasks or for other managed
-<
+     * synchronization.
->
+     * synchronization. This method may overestimate the
->
+     * number of running threads.
+     * @return the number of worker threads
+     */
+    public int getRunningThreadCount() {
-<
+        return runningCountOf(workerCounts);
->
+        return workerCounts & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK;
+    /**
+     * @return the number of active threads
+     */
+    public int getActiveThreadCount() {
-<
+        return activeCountOf(runControl);
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently
-<
+     * idle waiting for tasks. This method may underestimate the
-<
+     * number of idle threads.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @return the number of idle threads
-<
+     */
-<
+    final int getIdleThreadCount() {
-<
+        int c = runningCountOf(workerCounts) - activeCountOf(runControl);
-<
+        return (c <= 0) ? 0 : c;
->
+        return runState & ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK;
+    /**
+     * @return {@code true} if all threads are currently idle
+     */
+    public boolean isQuiescent() {
-<
+        return activeCountOf(runControl) == 0;
->
+        return (runState & ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK) == 0;
+    /**
+     * @return the number of steals
+     */
+    public long getStealCount() {
-<
+        return stealCount.get();
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Accumulates steal count from a worker.
-<
+     * Call only when worker known to be idle.
-<
+     */
-<
+    private void updateStealCount(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-<
+        int sc = w.getAndClearStealCount();
-<
+        if (sc != 0)
-<
+            stealCount.addAndGet(sc);
->
+        return stealCount;
+    /**
+     */
+    public long getQueuedTaskCount() {
+        long count = 0;
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+        if (ws != null) {
-<
+            for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-<
+                ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
-<
+                if (t != null)
-<
+                    count += t.getQueueSize();
-<
+            }
-<
+        }
->
+        for (ForkJoinWorkerThread w : workers)
->
+            if (w != null)
->
+                count += w.getQueueSize();
+        return count;
+     * @return the number of elements transferred
+     */
+    protected int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c) {
-<
+        int n = submissionQueue.drainTo(c);
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-<
+        if (ws != null) {
-<
+            for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-<
+                ForkJoinWorkerThread w = ws[i];
-<
+                if (w != null)
-<
+                    n += w.drainTasksTo(c);
-<
+            }
-<
+        }
-<
+        return n;
->
+        int count = submissionQueue.drainTo(c);
->
+        for (ForkJoinWorkerThread w : workers)
->
+            if (w != null)
->
+                count += w.drainTasksTo(c);
->
+        return count;
+    /**
+     * @return a string identifying this pool, as well as its state
+     */
+    public String toString() {
-–
+        int ps = parallelism;
-–
+        int wc = workerCounts;
-–
+        int rc = runControl;
+        long st = getStealCount();
+        long qt = getQueuedTaskCount();
+        long qs = getQueuedSubmissionCount();
-+
+        int wc = workerCounts;
-+
+        int tc = wc >>> TOTAL_COUNT_SHIFT;
-+
+        int rc = wc & RUNNING_COUNT_MASK;
-+
+        int pc = parallelism;
-+
+        int rs = runState;
-+
+        int ac = rs & ACTIVE_COUNT_MASK;
+        return super.toString() +
-<
+            "[" + runStateToString(runStateOf(rc)) +
-<
+            ", parallelism = " + ps +
-<
+            ", size = " + totalCountOf(wc) +
-<
+            ", active = " + activeCountOf(rc) +
-<
+            ", running = " + runningCountOf(wc) +
->
+            "[" + runLevelToString(rs) +
->
+            ", parallelism = " + pc +
->
+            ", size = " + tc +
->
+            ", active = " + ac +
->
+            ", running = " + rc +
+            ", steals = " + st +
+            ", tasks = " + qt +
+            ", submissions = " + qs +
+            "]";
-<
+    private static String runStateToString(int rs) {
-<
+        switch (rs) {
-<
+        case RUNNING: return "Running";
-<
+        case SHUTDOWN: return "Shutting down";
-<
+        case TERMINATING: return "Terminating";
-<
+        case TERMINATED: return "Terminated";
-<
+        default: throw new Error("Unknown run state");
-<
+        }
->
+    private static String runLevelToString(int s) {
->
+        return ((s & TERMINATED) != 0 ? "Terminated" :
->
+                ((s & TERMINATING) != 0 ? "Terminating" :
->
+                 ((s & SHUTDOWN) != 0 ? "Shutting down" :
->
+                  "Running")));
-–
+    // lifecycle control
-–
+    /**
+     * Initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted
+     * tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted.
+     */
+    public void shutdown() {
+        checkPermission();
-<
+        transitionRunStateTo(SHUTDOWN);
-<
+        if (canTerminateOnShutdown(runControl)) {
-<
+            if (workers == null) { // shutting down before workers created
-<
+                final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-<
+                lock.lock();
-<
+                try {
-<
+                    if (workers == null) {
-<
+                        terminate();
-<
+                        transitionRunStateTo(TERMINATED);
-<
+                        termination.signalAll();
-<
+                    }
-<
+                } finally {
-<
+                    lock.unlock();
-<
+                }
-<
+            }
-<
+            terminateOnShutdown();
-<
+        }
->
+        advanceRunLevel(SHUTDOWN);
->
+        tryTerminate(false);
+    /**
+     */
+    public List<Runnable> shutdownNow() {
+        checkPermission();
-<
+        terminate();
->
+        tryTerminate(true);
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+     * @return {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isTerminated() {
-<
+        return runStateOf(runControl) == TERMINATED;
->
+        return runState >= TERMINATED;
+    /**
+     * @return {@code true} if terminating but not yet terminated
+     */
+    public boolean isTerminating() {
-<
+        return runStateOf(runControl) == TERMINATING;
->
+        return (runState & (TERMINATING|TERMINATED)) == TERMINATING;
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns {@code true} if this pool has been shut down.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @return {@code true} if this pool has been shut down
->
+     * Returns true if terminating or terminated. Used by ForkJoinWorkerThread.
+     */
-<
+    public boolean isShutdown() {
-<
+        return runStateOf(runControl) >= SHUTDOWN;
->
+    final boolean isAtLeastTerminating() {
->
+        return runState >= TERMINATING;
+    /**
-<
+     * Returns true if pool is not terminating or terminated.
-<
+     * Used internally to suppress execution when terminating.
->
+     * Returns {@code true} if this pool has been shut down.
->
+     *
->
+     * @return {@code true} if this pool has been shut down
+     */
-<
+    final boolean isProcessingTasks() {
-<
+        return runStateOf(runControl) < TERMINATING;
->
+    public boolean isShutdown() {
->
+        return runState >= SHUTDOWN;
+    /**
+     */
+    public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
+        throws InterruptedException {
-–
+        long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
-–
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-–
+        lock.lock();
-–
+        try {
-–
+            for (;;) {
-–
+                if (isTerminated())
-–
+                    return true;
-–
+                if (nanos <= 0)
-–
+                    return false;
-–
+                nanos = termination.awaitNanos(nanos);
-–
+            }
-–
+        } finally {
-–
+            lock.unlock();
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    // Shutdown and termination support
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Callback from terminating worker. Nulls out the corresponding
-–
+     * workers slot, and if terminating, tries to terminate; else
-–
+     * tries to shrink workers array.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @param w the worker
-–
+     */
-–
+    final void workerTerminated(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-–
+        updateStealCount(w);
-–
+        updateWorkerCount(-1);
-–
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-–
+        lock.lock();
-–
+        try {
-–
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-–
+            if (ws != null) {
-–
+                int idx = w.poolIndex;
-–
+                if (idx >= 0 && idx < ws.length && ws[idx] == w)
-–
+                    ws[idx] = null;
-–
+                if (totalCountOf(workerCounts) == 0) {
-–
+                    terminate(); // no-op if already terminating
-–
+                    transitionRunStateTo(TERMINATED);
-–
+                    termination.signalAll();
-–
+                }
-–
+                else if (isProcessingTasks()) {
-–
+                    tryShrinkWorkerArray();
-–
+                    tryResumeSpare(true); // allow replacement
-–
+                }
-–
+            }
-–
+        } finally {
-–
+            lock.unlock();
-–
+        }
-–
+        signalIdleWorkers();
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Initiates termination.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void terminate() {
-–
+        if (transitionRunStateTo(TERMINATING)) {
-–
+            stopAllWorkers();
-–
+            resumeAllSpares();
-–
+            signalIdleWorkers();
-–
+            cancelQueuedSubmissions();
-–
+            cancelQueuedWorkerTasks();
-–
+            interruptUnterminatedWorkers();
-–
+            signalIdleWorkers(); // resignal after interrupt
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Possibly terminates when on shutdown state.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void terminateOnShutdown() {
-–
+        if (!hasQueuedSubmissions() && canTerminateOnShutdown(runControl))
-–
+            terminate();
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Clears out and cancels submissions.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void cancelQueuedSubmissions() {
-–
+        ForkJoinTask<?> task;
-–
+        while ((task = pollSubmission()) != null)
-–
+            task.cancel(false);
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Cleans out worker queues.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void cancelQueuedWorkerTasks() {
-–
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-–
+        lock.lock();
-–
+        try {
-–
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-–
+            if (ws != null) {
-–
+                for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-–
+                    ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
-–
+                    if (t != null)
-–
+                        t.cancelTasks();
-–
+                }
-–
+            }
-–
+        } finally {
-–
+            lock.unlock();
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Sets each worker's status to terminating. Requires lock to avoid
-–
+     * conflicts with add/remove.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void stopAllWorkers() {
-–
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-–
+        lock.lock();
-–
+        try {
-–
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-–
+            if (ws != null) {
-–
+                for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-–
+                    ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
-–
+                    if (t != null)
-–
+                        t.shutdownNow();
-–
+                }
-–
+            }
-–
+        } finally {
-–
+            lock.unlock();
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Interrupts all unterminated workers.  This is not required for
-–
+     * sake of internal control, but may help unstick user code during
-–
+     * shutdown.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void interruptUnterminatedWorkers() {
-–
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-–
+        lock.lock();
-–
+        try {
-–
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
-–
+            if (ws != null) {
-–
+                for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
-–
+                    ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
-–
+                    if (t != null && !t.isTerminated()) {
-–
+                        try {
-–
+                            t.interrupt();
-–
+                        } catch (SecurityException ignore) {
-–
+                        }
-–
+                    }
-–
+                }
-–
+            }
-–
+        } finally {
-–
+            lock.unlock();
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /*
-–
+     * Nodes for event barrier to manage idle threads.  Queue nodes
-–
+     * are basic Treiber stack nodes, also used for spare stack.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * The event barrier has an event count and a wait queue (actually
-–
+     * a Treiber stack).  Workers are enabled to look for work when
-–
+     * the eventCount is incremented. If they fail to find work, they
-–
+     * may wait for next count. Upon release, threads help others wake
-–
+     * up.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * Synchronization events occur only in enough contexts to
-–
+     * maintain overall liveness:
-–
+     *
-–
+     *   - Submission of a new task to the pool
-–
+     *   - Resizes or other changes to the workers array
-–
+     *   - pool termination
-–
+     *   - A worker pushing a task on an empty queue
-–
+     *
-–
+     * The case of pushing a task occurs often enough, and is heavy
-–
+     * enough compared to simple stack pushes, to require special
-–
+     * handling: Method signalWork returns without advancing count if
-–
+     * the queue appears to be empty.  This would ordinarily result in
-–
+     * races causing some queued waiters not to be woken up. To avoid
-–
+     * this, the first worker enqueued in method sync rescans for
-–
+     * tasks after being enqueued, and helps signal if any are
-–
+     * found. This works well because the worker has nothing better to
-–
+     * do, and so might as well help alleviate the overhead and
-–
+     * contention on the threads actually doing work.  Also, since
-–
+     * event counts increments on task availability exist to maintain
-–
+     * liveness (rather than to force refreshes etc), it is OK for
-–
+     * callers to exit early if contending with another signaller.
-–
+     */
-–
+    static final class WaitQueueNode {
-–
+        WaitQueueNode next; // only written before enqueued
-–
+        volatile ForkJoinWorkerThread thread; // nulled to cancel wait
-–
+        final long count; // unused for spare stack
-–
-–
+        WaitQueueNode(long c, ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-–
+            count = c;
-–
+            thread = w;
-–
+        }
-–
-–
+        /**
-–
+         * Wakes up waiter, returning false if known to already be awake
-–
+         */
-–
+        boolean signal() {
-–
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread t = thread;
-–
+            if (t == null)
-–
+                return false;
-–
+            thread = null;
-–
+            LockSupport.unpark(t);
-–
+            return true;
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Ensures that no thread is waiting for count to advance from the
-–
+     * current value of eventCount read on entry to this method, by
-–
+     * releasing waiting threads if necessary.
-–
+     */
-–
+    final void ensureSync() {
-–
+        long c = eventCount;
-–
+        WaitQueueNode q;
-–
+        while ((q = syncStack) != null && q.count < c) {
-–
+            if (casBarrierStack(q, null)) {
-–
+                do {
-–
+                    q.signal();
-–
+                } while ((q = q.next) != null);
-–
+                break;
-–
+            }
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Increments event count and releases waiting threads.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void signalIdleWorkers() {
-–
+        long c;
-–
+        do {} while (!casEventCount(c = eventCount, c+1));
-–
+        ensureSync();
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Signals threads waiting to poll a task. Because method sync
-–
+     * rechecks availability, it is OK to only proceed if queue
-–
+     * appears to be non-empty, and OK if CAS to increment count
-–
+     * fails (since some other thread succeeded).
-–
+     */
-–
+    final void signalWork() {
-–
+        if (syncStack != null) {
-–
+            long c;
-–
+            casEventCount(c = eventCount, c+1);
-–
+            WaitQueueNode q = syncStack;
-–
+            if (q != null && q.count <= c &&
-–
+                (!casBarrierStack(q, q.next) || !q.signal()))
-–
+                ensureSync();
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Waits until event count advances from last value held by
-–
+     * caller, or if excess threads, caller is resumed as spare, or
-–
+     * caller or pool is terminating. Updates caller's event on exit.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @param w the calling worker thread
-–
+     */
-–
+    final void sync(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-–
+        updateStealCount(w); // Transfer w's count while it is idle
-–
-–
+        if (!w.isShutdown() && isProcessingTasks() && !suspendIfSpare(w)) {
-–
+            long prev = w.lastEventCount;
-–
+            WaitQueueNode node = null;
-–
+            WaitQueueNode h;
-–
+            boolean helpSignal = false;
-–
+            while (eventCount == prev &&
-–
+                   ((h = syncStack) == null || h.count == prev)) {
-–
+                if (node == null)
-–
+                    node = new WaitQueueNode(prev, w);
-–
+                if (casBarrierStack(node.next = h, node)) {
-–
+                    if (!Thread.interrupted() && node.thread != null &&
-–
+                        eventCount == prev) {
-–
+                        if (h == null && // cover signalWork race
-–
+                            ForkJoinWorkerThread.hasQueuedTasks(workers))
-–
+                            helpSignal = true;
-–
+                        else
-–
+                            LockSupport.park(this);
-–
+                    }
-–
+                    if (node.thread != null)
-–
+                        node.thread = null;
-–
+                    break;
-–
+                }
-–
+            }
-–
+            long ec = eventCount;
-–
+            if (ec != prev)
-–
+                w.lastEventCount = ec;
-–
+            else if (helpSignal)
-–
+                casEventCount(ec, ec + 1);
-–
+            ensureSync();
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Returns {@code true} if a new sync event occurred since last
-–
+     * call to sync or this method, if so, updating caller's count.
-–
+     */
-–
+    final boolean hasNewSyncEvent(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-–
+        long lc = w.lastEventCount;
-–
+        long ec = eventCount;
-–
+        if (lc != ec)
-–
+            w.lastEventCount = ec;
-–
+        ensureSync();
-–
+        return lc != ec || lc != eventCount;
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    //  Parallelism maintenance
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Decrements running count; if too low, adds spare.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * Conceptually, all we need to do here is add or resume a
-–
+     * spare thread when one is about to block (and remove or
-–
+     * suspend it later when unblocked -- see suspendIfSpare).
-–
+     * However, implementing this idea requires coping with
-–
+     * several problems: we have imperfect information about the
-–
+     * states of threads. Some count updates can and usually do
-–
+     * lag run state changes, despite arrangements to keep them
-–
+     * accurate (for example, when possible, updating counts
-–
+     * before signalling or resuming), especially when running on
-–
+     * dynamic JVMs that don't optimize the infrequent paths that
-–
+     * update counts. Generating too many threads can make these
-–
+     * problems become worse, because excess threads are more
-–
+     * likely to be context-switched with others, slowing them all
-–
+     * down, especially if there is no work available, so all are
-–
+     * busy scanning or idling.  Also, excess spare threads can
-–
+     * only be suspended or removed when they are idle, not
-–
+     * immediately when they aren't needed. So adding threads will
-–
+     * raise parallelism level for longer than necessary.  Also,
-–
+     * FJ applications often encounter highly transient peaks when
-–
+     * many threads are blocked joining, but for less time than it
-–
+     * takes to create or resume spares.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @param joinMe if non-null, return early if done
-–
+     * @param maintainParallelism if true, try to stay within
-–
+     * target counts, else create only to avoid starvation
-–
+     * @return true if joinMe known to be done
-–
+     */
-–
+    final boolean preJoin(ForkJoinTask<?> joinMe,
-–
+                          boolean maintainParallelism) {
-–
+        maintainParallelism &= maintainsParallelism; // overrride
-–
+        boolean dec = false;  // true when running count decremented
-–
+        while (spareStack == null || !tryResumeSpare(dec)) {
-–
+            int counts = workerCounts;
-–
+            if (dec || (dec = casWorkerCounts(counts, --counts))) {
-–
+                if (!needSpare(counts, maintainParallelism))
-–
+                    break;
-–
+                if (joinMe.status < 0)
-–
+                    return true;
-–
+                if (tryAddSpare(counts))
-–
+                    break;
-–
+            }
-–
+        }
-–
+        return false;
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Same idea as preJoin
-–
+     */
-–
+    final boolean preBlock(ManagedBlocker blocker,
-–
+                           boolean maintainParallelism) {
-–
+        maintainParallelism &= maintainsParallelism;
-–
+        boolean dec = false;
-–
+        while (spareStack == null || !tryResumeSpare(dec)) {
-–
+            int counts = workerCounts;
-–
+            if (dec || (dec = casWorkerCounts(counts, --counts))) {
-–
+                if (!needSpare(counts, maintainParallelism))
-–
+                    break;
-–
+                if (blocker.isReleasable())
-–
+                    return true;
-–
+                if (tryAddSpare(counts))
-–
+                    break;
-–
+            }
-–
+        }
-–
+        return false;
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Returns {@code true} if a spare thread appears to be needed.
-–
+     * If maintaining parallelism, returns true when the deficit in
-–
+     * running threads is more than the surplus of total threads, and
-–
+     * there is apparently some work to do.  This self-limiting rule
-–
+     * means that the more threads that have already been added, the
-–
+     * less parallelism we will tolerate before adding another.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @param counts current worker counts
-–
+     * @param maintainParallelism try to maintain parallelism
-–
+     */
-–
+    private boolean needSpare(int counts, boolean maintainParallelism) {
-–
+        int ps = parallelism;
-–
+        int rc = runningCountOf(counts);
-–
+        int tc = totalCountOf(counts);
-–
+        int runningDeficit = ps - rc;
-–
+        int totalSurplus = tc - ps;
-–
+        return (tc < maxPoolSize &&
-–
+                (rc == 0 || totalSurplus < 0 ||
-–
+                 (maintainParallelism &&
-–
+                  runningDeficit > totalSurplus &&
-–
+                  ForkJoinWorkerThread.hasQueuedTasks(workers))));
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Adds a spare worker if lock available and no more than the
-–
+     * expected numbers of threads exist.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @return true if successful
-–
+     */
-–
+    private boolean tryAddSpare(int expectedCounts) {
-–
+        final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
-–
+        int expectedRunning = runningCountOf(expectedCounts);
-–
+        int expectedTotal = totalCountOf(expectedCounts);
-–
+        boolean success = false;
-–
+        boolean locked = false;
-–
+        // confirm counts while locking; CAS after obtaining lock
+        try {
-<
+            for (;;) {
-<
+                int s = workerCounts;
-<
+                int tc = totalCountOf(s);
-<
+                int rc = runningCountOf(s);
-<
+                if (rc > expectedRunning || tc > expectedTotal)
-<
+                    break;
-<
+                if (!locked && !(locked = lock.tryLock()))
-<
+                    break;
-<
+                if (casWorkerCounts(s, workerCountsFor(tc+1, rc+1))) {
-<
+                    createAndStartSpare(tc);
-<
+                    success = true;
-<
+                    break;
-<
+                }
-<
+            }
-<
+        } finally {
-<
+            if (locked)
-<
+                lock.unlock();
-<
+        }
-<
+        return success;
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Adds the kth spare worker. On entry, pool counts are already
-<
+     * adjusted to reflect addition.
-<
+     */
-<
+    private void createAndStartSpare(int k) {
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = null;
-<
+        ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(k + 1);
-<
+        int len = ws.length;
-<
+        // Probably, we can place at slot k. If not, find empty slot
-<
+        if (k < len && ws[k] != null) {
-<
+            for (k = 0; k < len && ws[k] != null; ++k)
-<
+                ;
-<
+        }
-<
+        if (k < len && isProcessingTasks() && (w = createWorker(k)) != null) {
-<
+            ws[k] = w;
-<
+            w.start();
-<
+        }
-<
+        else
-<
+            updateWorkerCount(-1); // adjust on failure
-<
+        signalIdleWorkers();
-<
+    }
-<
-<
+    /**
-<
+     * Suspends calling thread w if there are excess threads.  Called
-<
+     * only from sync.  Spares are enqueued in a Treiber stack using
-<
+     * the same WaitQueueNodes as barriers.  They are resumed mainly
-<
+     * in preJoin, but are also woken on pool events that require all
-<
+     * threads to check run state.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * @param w the caller
-<
+     */
-<
+    private boolean suspendIfSpare(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
-<
+        WaitQueueNode node = null;
-<
+        for (;;) {
-<
+            int p = parallelism;
-<
+            int s = workerCounts;
-<
+            int r = runningCountOf(s);
-<
+            int t = totalCountOf(s);
-<
+            // use t as bound if r transiently out of sync
-<
+            if (t <= p || r <= p)
-<
+                return false; // not a spare
-<
+            if (node == null)
-<
+                node = new WaitQueueNode(0, w);
-<
+            if (casWorkerCounts(s, workerCountsFor(t, r - 1)))
-<
+                break;
->
+            termination.awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(0, timeout, unit);
->
+        } catch (TimeoutException ex) {
->
+            return false;
-–
+        // push onto stack
-–
+        do {} while (!casSpareStack(node.next = spareStack, node));
-–
+        // block until released by resumeSpare
-–
+        while (!Thread.interrupted() && node.thread != null)
-–
+            LockSupport.park(this);
+        return true;
+    /**
-–
+     * Tries to pop and resume a spare thread.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @param updateCount if true, increment running count on success
-–
+     * @return true if successful
-–
+     */
-–
+    private boolean tryResumeSpare(boolean updateCount) {
-–
+        WaitQueueNode q;
-–
+        while ((q = spareStack) != null) {
-–
+            if (casSpareStack(q, q.next)) {
-–
+                if (updateCount)
-–
+                    updateRunningCount(1);
-–
+                q.signal();
-–
+                return true;
-–
+            }
-–
+        }
-–
+        return false;
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Pops and resumes all spare threads. Same idea as ensureSync.
-–
+     *
-–
+     * @return true if any spares released
-–
+     */
-–
+    private boolean resumeAllSpares() {
-–
+        WaitQueueNode q;
-–
+        while ( (q = spareStack) != null) {
-–
+            if (casSpareStack(q, null)) {
-–
+                do {
-–
+                    updateRunningCount(1);
-–
+                    q.signal();
-–
+                } while ((q = q.next) != null);
-–
+                return true;
-–
+            }
-–
+        }
-–
+        return false;
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
-–
+     * Pops and shuts down excessive spare threads. Call only while
-–
+     * holding lock. This is not guaranteed to eliminate all excess
-–
+     * threads, only those suspended as spares, which are the ones
-–
+     * unlikely to be needed in the future.
-–
+     */
-–
+    private void trimSpares() {
-–
+        int surplus = totalCountOf(workerCounts) - parallelism;
-–
+        WaitQueueNode q;
-–
+        while (surplus > 0 && (q = spareStack) != null) {
-–
+            if (casSpareStack(q, null)) {
-–
+                do {
-–
+                    updateRunningCount(1);
-–
+                    ForkJoinWorkerThread w = q.thread;
-–
+                    if (w != null && surplus > 0 &&
-–
+                        runningCountOf(workerCounts) > 0 && w.shutdown())
-–
+                        --surplus;
-–
+                    q.signal();
-–
+                } while ((q = q.next) != null);
-–
+            }
-–
+        }
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    /**
+     * Interface for extending managed parallelism for tasks running
+     * in {@link ForkJoinPool}s.
-<
+     * <p>A {@code ManagedBlocker} provides two methods.
-<
+     * Method {@code isReleasable} must return {@code true} if
-<
+     * blocking is not necessary. Method {@code block} blocks the
-<
+     * current thread if necessary (perhaps internally invoking
-<
+     * {@code isReleasable} before actually blocking).
->
+     * <p>A {@code ManagedBlocker} provides two methods.  Method
->
+     * {@code isReleasable} must return {@code true} if blocking is
->
+     * not necessary. Method {@code block} blocks the current thread
->
+     * if necessary (perhaps internally invoking {@code isReleasable}
->
+     * before actually blocking). The unusual methods in this API
->
+     * accommodate synchronizers that may, but don't usually, block
->
+     * for long periods. Similarly, they allow more efficient internal
->
+     * handling of cases in which additional workers may be, but
->
+     * usually are not, needed to ensure sufficient parallelism.
->
+     * Toward this end, implementations of method {@code isReleasable}
->
+     * must be amenable to repeated invocation.
+     * <p>For example, here is a ManagedBlocker based on a
+     * ReentrantLock:
+     *     return hasLock || (hasLock = lock.tryLock());
+     *   }
+     * }}</pre>
-+
+     *
-+
+     * <p>Here is a class that possibly blocks waiting for an
-+
+     * item on a given queue:
-+
+     *  <pre> {@code
-+
+     * class QueueTaker<E> implements ManagedBlocker {
-+
+     *   final BlockingQueue<E> queue;
-+
+     *   volatile E item = null;
-+
+     *   QueueTaker(BlockingQueue<E> q) { this.queue = q; }
-+
+     *   public boolean block() throws InterruptedException {
-+
+     *     if (item == null)
-+
+     *       item = queue.take();
-+
+     *     return true;
-+
+     *   }
-+
+     *   public boolean isReleasable() {
-+
+     *     return item != null || (item = queue.poll()) != null;
-+
+     *   }
-+
+     *   public E getItem() { // call after pool.managedBlock completes
-+
+     *     return item;
-+
+     *   }
-+
+     * }}</pre>
+     */
+    public static interface ManagedBlocker {
+        /**
+     * Blocks in accord with the given blocker.  If the current thread
+     * is a {@link ForkJoinWorkerThread}, this method possibly
+     * arranges for a spare thread to be activated if necessary to
-<
+     * ensure parallelism while the current thread is blocked.
-<
+     *
-<
+     * <p>If {@code maintainParallelism} is {@code true} and the pool
-<
+     * supports it ({@link #getMaintainsParallelism}), this method
-<
+     * attempts to maintain the pool's nominal parallelism. Otherwise
-<
+     * it activates a thread only if necessary to avoid complete
-<
+     * starvation. This option may be preferable when blockages use
-<
+     * timeouts, or are almost always brief.
->
+     * ensure sufficient parallelism while the current thread is blocked.
+     * <p>If the caller is not a {@link ForkJoinTask}, this method is
+     * behaviorally equivalent to
+     * first be expanded to ensure parallelism, and later adjusted.
+     * @param blocker the blocker
-–
+     * @param maintainParallelism if {@code true} and supported by
-–
+     * this pool, attempt to maintain the pool's nominal parallelism;
-–
+     * otherwise activate a thread only if necessary to avoid
-–
+     * complete starvation.
+     * @throws InterruptedException if blocker.block did so
+     */
-<
+    public static void managedBlock(ManagedBlocker blocker,
-<
+                                    boolean maintainParallelism)
->
+    public static void managedBlock(ManagedBlocker blocker)
+        throws InterruptedException {
+        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
-<
+        ForkJoinPool pool = ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
-<
+                             ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) t).pool : null);
-<
+        if (!blocker.isReleasable()) {
-<
+            try {
-<
+                if (pool == null ||
-<
+                    !pool.preBlock(blocker, maintainParallelism))
-<
+                    awaitBlocker(blocker);
-<
+            } finally {
-<
+                if (pool != null)
-<
+                    pool.updateRunningCount(1);
-<
+            }
->
+        if (t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) {
->
+            ForkJoinWorkerThread w = (ForkJoinWorkerThread) t;
->
+            w.pool.awaitBlocker(blocker);
->
+        }
->
+        else {
->
+            do {} while (!blocker.isReleasable() && !blocker.block());
-–
+    }
-–
-–
+    private static void awaitBlocker(ManagedBlocker blocker)
-–
+        throws InterruptedException {
-–
+        do {} while (!blocker.isReleasable() && !blocker.block());
+    // AbstractExecutorService overrides.  These rely on undocumented
+    // Unsafe mechanics
+    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
-–
+    private static final long eventCountOffset =
-–
+        objectFieldOffset("eventCount", ForkJoinPool.class);
+    private static final long workerCountsOffset =
+        objectFieldOffset("workerCounts", ForkJoinPool.class);
-<
+    private static final long runControlOffset =
-<
+        objectFieldOffset("runControl", ForkJoinPool.class);
-<
+    private static final long syncStackOffset =
-<
+        objectFieldOffset("syncStack",ForkJoinPool.class);
-<
+    private static final long spareStackOffset =
-<
+        objectFieldOffset("spareStack", ForkJoinPool.class);
-<
-<
+    private boolean casEventCount(long cmp, long val) {
-<
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, eventCountOffset, cmp, val);
-<
+    }
-<
+    private boolean casWorkerCounts(int cmp, int val) {
-<
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset, cmp, val);
-<
+    }
-<
+    private boolean casRunControl(int cmp, int val) {
-<
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runControlOffset, cmp, val);
-<
+    }
-<
+    private boolean casSpareStack(WaitQueueNode cmp, WaitQueueNode val) {
-<
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, spareStackOffset, cmp, val);
-<
+    }
-<
+    private boolean casBarrierStack(WaitQueueNode cmp, WaitQueueNode val) {
-<
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, syncStackOffset, cmp, val);
-<
+    }
->
+    private static final long runStateOffset =
->
+        objectFieldOffset("runState", ForkJoinPool.class);
->
+    private static final long eventCountOffset =
->
+        objectFieldOffset("eventCount", ForkJoinPool.class);
->
+    private static final long eventWaitersOffset =
->
+        objectFieldOffset("eventWaiters", ForkJoinPool.class);
->
+    private static final long stealCountOffset =
->
+        objectFieldOffset("stealCount", ForkJoinPool.class);
->
+    private static final long spareWaitersOffset =
->
+        objectFieldOffset("spareWaiters", ForkJoinPool.class);
+    private static long objectFieldOffset(String field, Class<?> klazz) {
+        try {

Diff Legend

-–
+Removed lines
-+
+Added lines
-<
+Changed lines
->
+Changed lines

Comparing jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinPool.java (file contents): Revision 1.50 by dl, Fri Dec 4 12:09:46 2009 UTC vs. Revision 1.87 by dl, Tue Nov 23 00:10:39 2010 UTC

Diff Legend

Comparing jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinPool.java (file contents):
Revision 1.50 by dl, Fri Dec 4 12:09:46 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.87 by dl, Tue Nov 23 00:10:39 2010 UTC