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Comparing jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinPool.java (file contents):
Revision 1.5 by jsr166, Thu Mar 19 05:10:42 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.99 by dl, Wed Mar 23 11:27:43 2011 UTC

#	Line 1 | Line 1
1		/*
2		* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
3		* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
4	<	* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
4	>	* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
5		*/
6
7		package jsr166y;
8	<	import java.util.*;
9	<	import java.util.concurrent.*;
10	<	import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
11	<	import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
12	<	import sun.misc.Unsafe;
13	<	import java.lang.reflect.*;
8	>
9	>	import java.util.ArrayList;
10	>	import java.util.Arrays;
11	>	import java.util.Collection;
12	>	import java.util.Collections;
13	>	import java.util.List;
14	>	import java.util.Random;
15	>	import java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService;
16	>	import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
17	>	import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
18	>	import java.util.concurrent.Future;
19	>	import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
20	>	import java.util.concurrent.RunnableFuture;
21	>	import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
22	>	import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
23	>	import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
24	>	import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
25	>	import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
26	>	import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
27
28		/**
29	<	* An {@link ExecutorService} for running {@link ForkJoinTask}s.  A
30	<	* ForkJoinPool provides the entry point for submissions from
31	<	* non-ForkJoinTasks, as well as management and monitoring operations.
32	<	* Normally a single ForkJoinPool is used for a large number of
20	<	* submitted tasks. Otherwise, use would not usually outweigh the
21	<	* construction and bookkeeping overhead of creating a large set of
22	<	* threads.
29	>	* An {@link ExecutorService} for running {@link ForkJoinTask}s.
30	>	* A {@code ForkJoinPool} provides the entry point for submissions
31	>	* from non-{@code ForkJoinTask} clients, as well as management and
32	>	* monitoring operations.
33		*
34	<	* <p>ForkJoinPools differ from other kinds of Executors mainly in
35	<	* that they provide <em>work-stealing</em>: all threads in the pool
36	<	* attempt to find and execute subtasks created by other active tasks
37	<	* (eventually blocking if none exist). This makes them efficient when
38	<	* most tasks spawn other subtasks (as do most ForkJoinTasks), as well
39	<	* as the mixed execution of some plain Runnable- or Callable- based
40	<	* activities along with ForkJoinTasks. Otherwise, other
41	<	* ExecutorService implementations are typically more appropriate
42	<	* choices.
34	>	* <p>A {@code ForkJoinPool} differs from other kinds of {@link
35	>	* ExecutorService} mainly by virtue of employing
36	>	* <em>work-stealing</em>: all threads in the pool attempt to find and
37	>	* execute subtasks created by other active tasks (eventually blocking
38	>	* waiting for work if none exist). This enables efficient processing
39	>	* when most tasks spawn other subtasks (as do most {@code
40	>	* ForkJoinTask}s). When setting <em>asyncMode</em> to true in
41	>	* constructors, {@code ForkJoinPool}s may also be appropriate for use
42	>	* with event-style tasks that are never joined.
43		*
44	<	* <p>A ForkJoinPool may be constructed with a given parallelism level
45	<	* (target pool size), which it attempts to maintain by dynamically
46	<	* adding, suspending, or resuming threads, even if some tasks are
47	<	* waiting to join others. However, no such adjustments are performed
48	<	* in the face of blocked IO or other unmanaged synchronization. The
49	<	* nested <code>ManagedBlocker</code> interface enables extension of
50	<	* the kinds of synchronization accommodated.  The target parallelism
51	<	* level may also be changed dynamically (<code>setParallelism</code>)
52	<	* and dynamically thread construction can be limited using methods
43	<	* <code>setMaximumPoolSize</code> and/or
44	<	* <code>setMaintainsParallelism</code>.
44	>	* <p>A {@code ForkJoinPool} is constructed with a given target
45	>	* parallelism level; by default, equal to the number of available
46	>	* processors. The pool attempts to maintain enough active (or
47	>	* available) threads by dynamically adding, suspending, or resuming
48	>	* internal worker threads, even if some tasks are stalled waiting to
49	>	* join others. However, no such adjustments are guaranteed in the
50	>	* face of blocked IO or other unmanaged synchronization. The nested
51	>	* {@link ManagedBlocker} interface enables extension of the kinds of
52	>	* synchronization accommodated.
53		*
54		* <p>In addition to execution and lifecycle control methods, this
55		* class provides status check methods (for example
56	<	* <code>getStealCount</code>) that are intended to aid in developing,
56	>	* {@link #getStealCount}) that are intended to aid in developing,
57		* tuning, and monitoring fork/join applications. Also, method
58	<	* <code>toString</code> returns indications of pool state in a
58	>	* {@link #toString} returns indications of pool state in a
59		* convenient form for informal monitoring.
60		*
61	+	* <p> As is the case with other ExecutorServices, there are three
62	+	* main task execution methods summarized in the following
63	+	* table. These are designed to be used by clients not already engaged
64	+	* in fork/join computations in the current pool.  The main forms of
65	+	* these methods accept instances of {@code ForkJoinTask}, but
66	+	* overloaded forms also allow mixed execution of plain {@code
67	+	* Runnable}- or {@code Callable}- based activities as well.  However,
68	+	* tasks that are already executing in a pool should normally
69	+	* <em>NOT</em> use these pool execution methods, but instead use the
70	+	* within-computation forms listed in the table.
71	+	*
72	+	* <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1>
73	+	*  <tr>
74	+	*    <td></td>
75	+	*    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Call from non-fork/join clients</b></td>
76	+	*    <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Call from within fork/join computations</b></td>
77	+	*  </tr>
78	+	*  <tr>
79	+	*    <td> <b>Arrange async execution</td>
80	+	*    <td> {@link #execute(ForkJoinTask)}</td>
81	+	*    <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#fork}</td>
82	+	*  </tr>
83	+	*  <tr>
84	+	*    <td> <b>Await and obtain result</td>
85	+	*    <td> {@link #invoke(ForkJoinTask)}</td>
86	+	*    <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#invoke}</td>
87	+	*  </tr>
88	+	*  <tr>
89	+	*    <td> <b>Arrange exec and obtain Future</td>
90	+	*    <td> {@link #submit(ForkJoinTask)}</td>
91	+	*    <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#fork} (ForkJoinTasks <em>are</em> Futures)</td>
92	+	*  </tr>
93	+	* </table>
94	+	*
95	+	* <p><b>Sample Usage.</b> Normally a single {@code ForkJoinPool} is
96	+	* used for all parallel task execution in a program or subsystem.
97	+	* Otherwise, use would not usually outweigh the construction and
98	+	* bookkeeping overhead of creating a large set of threads. For
99	+	* example, a common pool could be used for the {@code SortTasks}
100	+	* illustrated in {@link RecursiveAction}. Because {@code
101	+	* ForkJoinPool} uses threads in {@linkplain java.lang.Thread#isDaemon
102	+	* daemon} mode, there is typically no need to explicitly {@link
103	+	* #shutdown} such a pool upon program exit.
104	+	*
105	+	* <pre>
106	+	* static final ForkJoinPool mainPool = new ForkJoinPool();
107	+	* ...
108	+	* public void sort(long[] array) {
109	+	*   mainPool.invoke(new SortTask(array, 0, array.length));
110	+	* }
111	+	* </pre>
112	+	*
113		* <p><b>Implementation notes</b>: This implementation restricts the
114		* maximum number of running threads to 32767. Attempts to create
115	<	* pools with greater than the maximum result in
116	<	* IllegalArgumentExceptions.
115	>	* pools with greater than the maximum number result in
116	>	* {@code IllegalArgumentException}.
117	>	*
118	>	* <p>This implementation rejects submitted tasks (that is, by throwing
119	>	* {@link RejectedExecutionException}) only when the pool is shut down
120	>	* or internal resources have been exhausted.
121	>	*
122	>	* @since 1.7
123	>	* @author Doug Lea
124		*/
125		public class ForkJoinPool extends AbstractExecutorService {
126
127		/*
128	<	* See the extended comments interspersed below for design,
129	<	* rationale, and walkthroughs.
128	>	* Implementation Overview
129	>	*
130	>	* This class provides the central bookkeeping and control for a
131	>	* set of worker threads: Submissions from non-FJ threads enter
132	>	* into a submission queue. Workers take these tasks and typically
133	>	* split them into subtasks that may be stolen by other workers.
134	>	* Preference rules give first priority to processing tasks from
135	>	* their own queues (LIFO or FIFO, depending on mode), then to
136	>	* randomized FIFO steals of tasks in other worker queues, and
137	>	* lastly to new submissions.
138	>	*
139	>	* The main throughput advantages of work-stealing stem from
140	>	* decentralized control -- workers mostly take tasks from
141	>	* themselves or each other. We cannot negate this in the
142	>	* implementation of other management responsibilities. The main
143	>	* tactic for avoiding bottlenecks is packing nearly all
144	>	* essentially atomic control state into a single 64bit volatile
145	>	* variable ("ctl"). This variable is read on the order of 10-100
146	>	* times as often as it is modified (always via CAS). (There is
147	>	* some additional control state, for example variable "shutdown"
148	>	* for which we can cope with uncoordinated updates.)  This
149	>	* streamlines synchronization and control at the expense of messy
150	>	* constructions needed to repack status bits upon updates.
151	>	* Updates tend not to contend with each other except during
152	>	* bursts while submitted tasks begin or end.  In some cases when
153	>	* they do contend, threads can instead do something else
154	>	* (usually, scan for tasks) until contention subsides.
155	>	*
156	>	* To enable packing, we restrict maximum parallelism to (1<<15)-1
157	>	* (which is far in excess of normal operating range) to allow
158	>	* ids, counts, and their negations (used for thresholding) to fit
159	>	* into 16bit fields.
160	>	*
161	>	* Recording Workers.  Workers are recorded in the "workers" array
162	>	* that is created upon pool construction and expanded if (rarely)
163	>	* necessary.  This is an array as opposed to some other data
164	>	* structure to support index-based random steals by workers.
165	>	* Updates to the array recording new workers and unrecording
166	>	* terminated ones are protected from each other by a seqLock
167	>	* (scanGuard) but the array is otherwise concurrently readable,
168	>	* and accessed directly by workers. To simplify index-based
169	>	* operations, the array size is always a power of two, and all
170	>	* readers must tolerate null slots. To avoid flailing during
171	>	* start-up, the array is presized to hold twice #parallelism
172	>	* workers (which is unlikely to need further resizing during
173	>	* execution). But to avoid dealing with so many null slots,
174	>	* variable scanGuard includes a mask for the nearest power of two
175	>	* that contains all current workers.  All worker thread creation
176	>	* is on-demand, triggered by task submissions, replacement of
177	>	* terminated workers, and/or compensation for blocked
178	>	* workers. However, all other support code is set up to work with
179	>	* other policies.  To ensure that we do not hold on to worker
180	>	* references that would prevent GC, ALL accesses to workers are
181	>	* via indices into the workers array (which is one source of some
182	>	* of the messy code constructions here). In essence, the workers
183	>	* array serves as a weak reference mechanism. Thus for example
184	>	* the wait queue field of ctl stores worker indices, not worker
185	>	* references.  Access to the workers in associated methods (for
186	>	* example signalWork) must both index-check and null-check the
187	>	* IDs. All such accesses ignore bad IDs by returning out early
188	>	* from what they are doing, since this can only be associated
189	>	* with termination, in which case it is OK to give up.
190	>	*
191	>	* All uses of the workers array, as well as queue arrays, check
192	>	* that the array is non-null (even if previously non-null). This
193	>	* allows nulling during termination, which is currently not
194	>	* necessary, but remains an option for resource-revocation-based
195	>	* shutdown schemes.
196	>	*
197	>	* Wait Queuing. Unlike HPC work-stealing frameworks, we cannot
198	>	* let workers spin indefinitely scanning for tasks when none can
199	>	* be found immediately, and we cannot start/resume workers unless
200	>	* there appear to be tasks available.  On the other hand, we must
201	>	* quickly prod them into action when new tasks are submitted or
202	>	* generated.  We park/unpark workers after placing in an event
203	>	* wait queue when they cannot find work. This "queue" is actually
204	>	* a simple Treiber stack, headed by the "id" field of ctl, plus a
205	>	* 15bit counter value to both wake up waiters (by advancing their
206	>	* count) and avoid ABA effects. Successors are held in worker
207	>	* field "nextWait".  Queuing deals with several intrinsic races,
208	>	* mainly that a task-producing thread can miss seeing (and
209	>	* signalling) another thread that gave up looking for work but
210	>	* has not yet entered the wait queue. We solve this by requiring
211	>	* a full sweep of all workers both before (in scan()) and after
212	>	* (in tryAwaitWork()) a newly waiting worker is added to the wait
213	>	* queue. During a rescan, the worker might release some other
214	>	* queued worker rather than itself, which has the same net
215	>	* effect. Because enqueued workers may actually be rescanning
216	>	* rather than waiting, we set and clear the "parked" field of
217	>	* ForkJoinWorkerThread to reduce unnecessary calls to unpark.
218	>	* (Use of the parked field requires a secondary recheck to avoid
219	>	* missed signals.)
220	>	*
221	>	* Signalling.  We create or wake up workers only when there
222	>	* appears to be at least one task they might be able to find and
223	>	* execute.  When a submission is added or another worker adds a
224	>	* task to a queue that previously had two or fewer tasks, they
225	>	* signal waiting workers (or trigger creation of new ones if
226	>	* fewer than the given parallelism level -- see signalWork).
227	>	* These primary signals are buttressed by signals during rescans
228	>	* as well as those performed when a worker steals a task and
229	>	* notices that there are more tasks too; together these cover the
230	>	* signals needed in cases when more than two tasks are pushed
231	>	* but untaken.
232	>	*
233	>	* Trimming workers. To release resources after periods of lack of
234	>	* use, a worker starting to wait when the pool is quiescent will
235	>	* time out and terminate if the pool has remained quiescent for
236	>	* SHRINK_RATE nanosecs. This will slowly propagate, eventually
237	>	* terminating all workers after long periods of non-use.
238	>	*
239	>	* Submissions. External submissions are maintained in an
240	>	* array-based queue that is structured identically to
241	>	* ForkJoinWorkerThread queues except for the use of
242	>	* submissionLock in method addSubmission. Unlike the case for
243	>	* worker queues, multiple external threads can add new
244	>	* submissions, so adding requires a lock.
245	>	*
246	>	* Compensation. Beyond work-stealing support and lifecycle
247	>	* control, the main responsibility of this framework is to take
248	>	* actions when one worker is waiting to join a task stolen (or
249	>	* always held by) another.  Because we are multiplexing many
250	>	* tasks on to a pool of workers, we can't just let them block (as
251	>	* in Thread.join).  We also cannot just reassign the joiner's
252	>	* run-time stack with another and replace it later, which would
253	>	* be a form of "continuation", that even if possible is not
254	>	* necessarily a good idea since we sometimes need both an
255	>	* unblocked task and its continuation to progress. Instead we
256	>	* combine two tactics:
257	>	*
258	>	*   Helping: Arranging for the joiner to execute some task that it
259	>	*      would be running if the steal had not occurred.  Method
260	>	*      ForkJoinWorkerThread.joinTask tracks joining->stealing
261	>	*      links to try to find such a task.
262	>	*
263	>	*   Compensating: Unless there are already enough live threads,
264	>	*      method tryPreBlock() may create or re-activate a spare
265	>	*      thread to compensate for blocked joiners until they
266	>	*      unblock.
267	>	*
268	>	* The ManagedBlocker extension API can't use helping so relies
269	>	* only on compensation in method awaitBlocker.
270	>	*
271	>	* It is impossible to keep exactly the target parallelism number
272	>	* of threads running at any given time.  Determining the
273	>	* existence of conservatively safe helping targets, the
274	>	* availability of already-created spares, and the apparent need
275	>	* to create new spares are all racy and require heuristic
276	>	* guidance, so we rely on multiple retries of each.  Currently,
277	>	* in keeping with on-demand signalling policy, we compensate only
278	>	* if blocking would leave less than one active (non-waiting,
279	>	* non-blocked) worker. Additionally, to avoid some false alarms
280	>	* due to GC, lagging counters, system activity, etc, compensated
281	>	* blocking for joins is only attempted after rechecks stabilize
282	>	* (retries are interspersed with Thread.yield, for good
283	>	* citizenship).  The variable blockedCount, incremented before
284	>	* blocking and decremented after, is sometimes needed to
285	>	* distinguish cases of waiting for work vs blocking on joins or
286	>	* other managed sync. Both cases are equivalent for most pool
287	>	* control, so we can update non-atomically. (Additionally,
288	>	* contention on blockedCount alleviates some contention on ctl).
289	>	*
290	>	* Shutdown and Termination. A call to shutdownNow atomically sets
291	>	* the ctl stop bit and then (non-atomically) sets each workers
292	>	* "terminate" status, cancels all unprocessed tasks, and wakes up
293	>	* all waiting workers.  Detecting whether termination should
294	>	* commence after a non-abrupt shutdown() call requires more work
295	>	* and bookkeeping. We need consensus about quiesence (i.e., that
296	>	* there is no more work) which is reflected in active counts so
297	>	* long as there are no current blockers, as well as possible
298	>	* re-evaluations during independent changes in blocking or
299	>	* quiescing workers.
300	>	*
301	>	* Style notes: There is a lot of representation-level coupling
302	>	* among classes ForkJoinPool, ForkJoinWorkerThread, and
303	>	* ForkJoinTask.  Most fields of ForkJoinWorkerThread maintain
304	>	* data structures managed by ForkJoinPool, so are directly
305	>	* accessed.  Conversely we allow access to "workers" array by
306	>	* workers, and direct access to ForkJoinTask.status by both
307	>	* ForkJoinPool and ForkJoinWorkerThread.  There is little point
308	>	* trying to reduce this, since any associated future changes in
309	>	* representations will need to be accompanied by algorithmic
310	>	* changes anyway. All together, these low-level implementation
311	>	* choices produce as much as a factor of 4 performance
312	>	* improvement compared to naive implementations, and enable the
313	>	* processing of billions of tasks per second, at the expense of
314	>	* some ugliness.
315	>	*
316	>	* Methods signalWork() and scan() are the main bottlenecks so are
317	>	* especially heavily micro-optimized/mangled.  There are lots of
318	>	* inline assignments (of form "while ((local = field) != 0)")
319	>	* which are usually the simplest way to ensure the required read
320	>	* orderings (which are sometimes critical). This leads to a
321	>	* "C"-like style of listing declarations of these locals at the
322	>	* heads of methods or blocks.  There are several occurrences of
323	>	* the unusual "do {} while (!cas...)"  which is the simplest way
324	>	* to force an update of a CAS'ed variable. There are also other
325	>	* coding oddities that help some methods perform reasonably even
326	>	* when interpreted (not compiled).
327	>	*
328	>	* The order of declarations in this file is: (1) declarations of
329	>	* statics (2) fields (along with constants used when unpacking
330	>	* some of them), listed in an order that tends to reduce
331	>	* contention among them a bit under most JVMs.  (3) internal
332	>	* control methods (4) callbacks and other support for
333	>	* ForkJoinTask and ForkJoinWorkerThread classes, (5) exported
334	>	* methods (plus a few little helpers). (6) static block
335	>	* initializing all statics in a minimally dependent order.
336		*/
337
65	–	/** Mask for packing and unpacking shorts */
66	–	private static final int  shortMask = 0xffff;
67	–
68	–	/** Max pool size -- must be a power of two minus 1 */
69	–	private static final int MAX_THREADS =  0x7FFF;
70	–
338		/**
339	<	* Factory for creating new ForkJoinWorkerThreads.  A
340	<	* ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory must be defined and used for
341	<	* ForkJoinWorkerThread subclasses that extend base functionality
342	<	* or initialize threads with different contexts.
339	>	* Factory for creating new {@link ForkJoinWorkerThread}s.
340	>	* A {@code ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory} must be defined and used
341	>	* for {@code ForkJoinWorkerThread} subclasses that extend base
342	>	* functionality or initialize threads with different contexts.
343		*/
344		public static interface ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory {
345		/**
346		* Returns a new worker thread operating in the given pool.
347		*
348		* @param pool the pool this thread works in
349	<	* @throws NullPointerException if pool is null;
349	>	* @throws NullPointerException if the pool is null
350		*/
351		public ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool);
352		}
353
354		/**
355	<	* Default ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory implementation, creates a
355	>	* Default ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory implementation; creates a
356		* new ForkJoinWorkerThread.
357		*/
358	<	static class  DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
358	>	static class DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
359		implements ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory {
360		public ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool) {
361	<	try {
95	<	return new ForkJoinWorkerThread(pool);
96	<	} catch (OutOfMemoryError oom)  {
97	<	return null;
98	<	}
361	>	return new ForkJoinWorkerThread(pool);
362		}
363		}
364
#	Line 104 | Line 367 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
367		* overridden in ForkJoinPool constructors.
368		*/
369		public static final ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
370	<	defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory =
108	<	new DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory();
370	>	defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory;
371
372		/**
373		* Permission required for callers of methods that may start or
374		* kill threads.
375		*/
376	<	private static final RuntimePermission modifyThreadPermission =
115	<	new RuntimePermission("modifyThread");
376	>	private static final RuntimePermission modifyThreadPermission;
377
378		/**
379		* If there is a security manager, makes sure caller has
#	Line 127 | Line 388 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
388		/**
389		* Generator for assigning sequence numbers as pool names.
390		*/
391	<	private static final AtomicInteger poolNumberGenerator =
131	<	new AtomicInteger();
391	>	private static final AtomicInteger poolNumberGenerator;
392
393		/**
394	<	* Array holding all worker threads in the pool. Array size must
395	<	* be a power of two.  Updates and replacements are protected by
396	<	* workerLock, but it is always kept in a consistent enough state
397	<	* to be randomly accessed without locking by workers performing
398	<	* work-stealing.
394	>	* Generator for initial random seeds for worker victim
395	>	* selection. This is used only to create initial seeds. Random
396	>	* steals use a cheaper xorshift generator per steal attempt. We
397	>	* don't expect much contention on seedGenerator, so just use a
398	>	* plain Random.
399		*/
400	<	volatile ForkJoinWorkerThread[] workers;
400	>	static final Random workerSeedGenerator;
401
402		/**
403	<	* Lock protecting access to workers.
403	>	* Array holding all worker threads in the pool.  Initialized upon
404	>	* construction. Array size must be a power of two.  Updates and
405	>	* replacements are protected by scanGuard, but the array is
406	>	* always kept in a consistent enough state to be randomly
407	>	* accessed without locking by workers performing work-stealing,
408	>	* as well as other traversal-based methods in this class, so long
409	>	* as reads memory-acquire by first reading ctl. All readers must
410	>	* tolerate that some array slots may be null.
411		*/
412	<	private final ReentrantLock workerLock;
412	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] workers;
413
414		/**
415	<	* Condition for awaitTermination.
415	>	* Initial size for submission queue array. Must be a power of
416	>	* two.  In many applications, these always stay small so we use a
417	>	* small initial cap.
418		*/
419	<	private final Condition termination;
419	>	private static final int INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY = 8;
420
421		/**
422	<	* The uncaught exception handler used when any worker
423	<	* abrupty terminates
422	>	* Maximum size for submission queue array. Must be a power of two
423	>	* less than or equal to 1 << (31 - width of array entry) to
424	>	* ensure lack of index wraparound, but is capped at a lower
425	>	* value to help users trap runaway computations.
426		*/
427	<	private Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh;
427	>	private static final int MAXIMUM_QUEUE_CAPACITY = 1 << 24; // 16M
428	>
429	>	/**
430	>	* Array serving as submission queue. Initialized upon construction.
431	>	*/
432	>	private ForkJoinTask<?>[] submissionQueue;
433	>
434	>	/**
435	>	* Lock protecting submissions array for addSubmission
436	>	*/
437	>	private final ReentrantLock submissionLock;
438	>
439	>	/**
440	>	* Condition for awaitTermination, using submissionLock for
441	>	* convenience.
442	>	*/
443	>	private final Condition termination;
444
445		/**
446		* Creation factory for worker threads.
#	Line 161 | Line 448 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
448		private final ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory;
449
450		/**
451	<	* Head of stack of threads that were created to maintain
452	<	* parallelism when other threads blocked, but have since
166	<	* suspended when the parallelism level rose.
451	>	* The uncaught exception handler used when any worker abruptly
452	>	* terminates.
453		*/
454	<	private volatile WaitQueueNode spareStack;
454	>	final Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh;
455	>
456	>	/**
457	>	* Prefix for assigning names to worker threads
458	>	*/
459	>	private final String workerNamePrefix;
460
461		/**
462		* Sum of per-thread steal counts, updated only when threads are
463		* idle or terminating.
464		*/
465	<	private final AtomicLong stealCount;
465	>	private volatile long stealCount;
466
467		/**
468	<	* Queue for external submissions.
468	>	* Main pool control -- a long packed with:
469	>	* AC: Number of active running workers minus target parallelism (16 bits)
470	>	* TC: Number of total workers minus target parallelism (16bits)
471	>	* ST: true if pool is terminating (1 bit)
472	>	* EC: the wait count of top waiting thread (15 bits)
473	>	* ID: ~poolIndex of top of Treiber stack of waiting threads (16 bits)
474	>	*
475	>	* When convenient, we can extract the upper 32 bits of counts and
476	>	* the lower 32 bits of queue state, u = (int)(ctl >>> 32) and e =
477	>	* (int)ctl.  The ec field is never accessed alone, but always
478	>	* together with id and st. The offsets of counts by the target
479	>	* parallelism and the positionings of fields makes it possible to
480	>	* perform the most common checks via sign tests of fields: When
481	>	* ac is negative, there are not enough active workers, when tc is
482	>	* negative, there are not enough total workers, when id is
483	>	* negative, there is at least one waiting worker, and when e is
484	>	* negative, the pool is terminating.  To deal with these possibly
485	>	* negative fields, we use casts in and out of "short" and/or
486	>	* signed shifts to maintain signedness.
487		*/
488	<	private final LinkedTransferQueue<ForkJoinTask<?>> submissionQueue;
488	>	volatile long ctl;
489	>
490	>	// bit positions/shifts for fields
491	>	private static final int  AC_SHIFT   = 48;
492	>	private static final int  TC_SHIFT   = 32;
493	>	private static final int  ST_SHIFT   = 31;
494	>	private static final int  EC_SHIFT   = 16;
495	>
496	>	// bounds
497	>	private static final int  MAX_ID     = 0x7fff;  // max poolIndex
498	>	private static final int  SMASK      = 0xffff;  // mask short bits
499	>	private static final int  SHORT_SIGN = 1 << 15;
500	>	private static final int  INT_SIGN   = 1 << 31;
501	>
502	>	// masks
503	>	private static final long STOP_BIT   = 0x0001L << ST_SHIFT;
504	>	private static final long AC_MASK    = ((long)SMASK) << AC_SHIFT;
505	>	private static final long TC_MASK    = ((long)SMASK) << TC_SHIFT;
506	>
507	>	// units for incrementing and decrementing
508	>	private static final long TC_UNIT    = 1L << TC_SHIFT;
509	>	private static final long AC_UNIT    = 1L << AC_SHIFT;
510	>
511	>	// masks and units for dealing with u = (int)(ctl >>> 32)
512	>	private static final int  UAC_SHIFT  = AC_SHIFT - 32;
513	>	private static final int  UTC_SHIFT  = TC_SHIFT - 32;
514	>	private static final int  UAC_MASK   = SMASK << UAC_SHIFT;
515	>	private static final int  UTC_MASK   = SMASK << UTC_SHIFT;
516	>	private static final int  UAC_UNIT   = 1 << UAC_SHIFT;
517	>	private static final int  UTC_UNIT   = 1 << UTC_SHIFT;
518	>
519	>	// masks and units for dealing with e = (int)ctl
520	>	private static final int  E_MASK     = 0x7fffffff; // no STOP_BIT
521	>	private static final int  EC_UNIT    = 1 << EC_SHIFT;
522
523		/**
524	<	* Head of Treiber stack for barrier sync. See below for explanation
524	>	* The target parallelism level.
525		*/
526	<	private volatile WaitQueueNode syncStack;
526	>	final int parallelism;
527
528		/**
529	<	* The count for event barrier
529	>	* Index (mod submission queue length) of next element to take
530	>	* from submission queue. Usage is identical to that for
531	>	* per-worker queues -- see ForkJoinWorkerThread internal
532	>	* documentation.
533		*/
534	<	private volatile long eventCount;
534	>	volatile int queueBase;
535
536		/**
537	<	* Pool number, just for assigning useful names to worker threads
537	>	* Index (mod submission queue length) of next element to add
538	>	* in submission queue. Usage is identical to that for
539	>	* per-worker queues -- see ForkJoinWorkerThread internal
540	>	* documentation.
541		*/
542	<	private final int poolNumber;
542	>	int queueTop;
543
544		/**
545	<	* The maximum allowed pool size
545	>	* True when shutdown() has been called.
546		*/
547	<	private volatile int maxPoolSize;
547	>	volatile boolean shutdown;
548
549		/**
550	<	* The desired parallelism level, updated only under workerLock.
550	>	* True if use local fifo, not default lifo, for local polling
551	>	* Read by, and replicated by ForkJoinWorkerThreads
552		*/
553	<	private volatile int parallelism;
553	>	final boolean locallyFifo;
554
555		/**
556	<	* Holds number of total (i.e., created and not yet terminated)
557	<	* and running (i.e., not blocked on joins or other managed sync)
558	<	* threads, packed into one int to ensure consistent snapshot when
210	<	* making decisions about creating and suspending spare
211	<	* threads. Updated only by CAS.  Note: CASes in
212	<	* updateRunningCount and preJoin running active count is in low
213	<	* word, so need to be modified if this changes
556	>	* The number of threads in ForkJoinWorkerThreads.helpQuiescePool.
557	>	* When non-zero, suppresses automatic shutdown when active
558	>	* counts become zero.
559		*/
560	<	private volatile int workerCounts;
560	>	volatile int quiescerCount;
561
562	<	private static int totalCountOf(int s)           { return s >>> 16;  }
563	<	private static int runningCountOf(int s)         { return s & shortMask; }
564	<	private static int workerCountsFor(int t, int r) { return (t << 16) + r; }
562	>	/**
563	>	* The number of threads blocked in join.
564	>	*/
565	>	volatile int blockedCount;
566
567		/**
568	<	* Add delta (which may be negative) to running count.  This must
223	<	* be called before (with negative arg) and after (with positive)
224	<	* any managed synchronization (i.e., mainly, joins)
225	<	* @param delta the number to add
568	>	* Counter for worker Thread names (unrelated to their poolIndex)
569		*/
570	<	final void updateRunningCount(int delta) {
228	<	int s;
229	<	do;while (!casWorkerCounts(s = workerCounts, s + delta));
230	<	}
570	>	private volatile int nextWorkerNumber;
571
572		/**
573	<	* Add delta (which may be negative) to both total and running
234	<	* count.  This must be called upon creation and termination of
235	<	* worker threads.
236	<	* @param delta the number to add
573	>	* The index for the next created worker. Accessed under scanGuard.
574		*/
575	<	private void updateWorkerCount(int delta) {
239	<	int d = delta + (delta << 16); // add to both lo and hi parts
240	<	int s;
241	<	do;while (!casWorkerCounts(s = workerCounts, s + d));
242	<	}
575	>	private int nextWorkerIndex;
576
577		/**
578	<	* Lifecycle control. High word contains runState, low word
579	<	* contains the number of workers that are (probably) executing
580	<	* tasks. This value is atomically incremented before a worker
581	<	* gets a task to run, and decremented when worker has no tasks
582	<	* and cannot find any. These two fields are bundled together to
583	<	* support correct termination triggering.  Note: activeCount
584	<	* CAS'es cheat by assuming active count is in low word, so need
585	<	* to be modified if this changes
578	>	* SeqLock and index masking for updates to workers array.  Locked
579	>	* when SG_UNIT is set. Unlocking clears bit by adding
580	>	* SG_UNIT. Staleness of read-only operations can be checked by
581	>	* comparing scanGuard to value before the reads. The low 16 bits
582	>	* (i.e, anding with SMASK) hold (the smallest power of two
583	>	* covering all worker indices, minus one, and is used to avoid
584	>	* dealing with large numbers of null slots when the workers array
585	>	* is overallocated.
586		*/
587	<	private volatile int runControl;
587	>	volatile int scanGuard;
588
589	<	// RunState values. Order among values matters
257	<	private static final int RUNNING     = 0;
258	<	private static final int SHUTDOWN    = 1;
259	<	private static final int TERMINATING = 2;
260	<	private static final int TERMINATED  = 3;
589	>	private static final int SG_UNIT = 1 << 16;
590
591	<	private static int runStateOf(int c)             { return c >>> 16; }
592	<	private static int activeCountOf(int c)          { return c & shortMask; }
593	<	private static int runControlFor(int r, int a)   { return (r << 16) + a; }
591	>	/**
592	>	* The wakeup interval (in nanoseconds) for a worker waiting for a
593	>	* task when the pool is quiescent to instead try to shrink the
594	>	* number of workers.  The exact value does not matter too
595	>	* much. It must be short enough to release resources during
596	>	* sustained periods of idleness, but not so short that threads
597	>	* are continually re-created.
598	>	*/
599	>	private static final long SHRINK_RATE =
600	>	4L * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L; // 4 seconds
601
602		/**
603	<	* Try incrementing active count; fail on contention. Called by
604	<	* workers before/during executing tasks.
605	<	* @return true on success;
603	>	* Top-level loop for worker threads: On each step: if the
604	>	* previous step swept through all queues and found no tasks, or
605	>	* there are excess threads, then possibly blocks. Otherwise,
606	>	* scans for and, if found, executes a task. Returns when pool
607	>	* and/or worker terminate.
608	>	*
609	>	* @param w the worker
610		*/
611	<	final boolean tryIncrementActiveCount() {
612	<	int c = runControl;
613	<	return casRunControl(c, c+1);
611	>	final void work(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
612	>	boolean swept = false;                // true on empty scans
613	>	long c;
614	>	while (!w.terminate && (int)(c = ctl) >= 0) {
615	>	int a;                            // active count
616	>	if (!swept && (a = (int)(c >> AC_SHIFT)) <= 0)
617	>	swept = scan(w, a);
618	>	else if (tryAwaitWork(w, c))
619	>	swept = false;
620	>	}
621		}
622
623	+	// Signalling
624	+
625		/**
626	<	* Try decrementing active count; fail on contention.
278	<	* Possibly trigger termination on success
279	<	* Called by workers when they can't find tasks.
280	<	* @return true on success
626	>	* Wakes up or creates a worker.
627		*/
628	<	final boolean tryDecrementActiveCount() {
629	<	int c = runControl;
630	<	int nextc = c - 1;
631	<	if (!casRunControl(c, nextc))
632	<	return false;
633	<	if (canTerminateOnShutdown(nextc))
634	<	terminateOnShutdown();
635	<	return true;
628	>	final void signalWork() {
629	>	/*
630	>	* The while condition is true if: (there is are too few total
631	>	* workers OR there is at least one waiter) AND (there are too
632	>	* few active workers OR the pool is terminating).  The value
633	>	* of e distinguishes the remaining cases: zero (no waiters)
634	>	* for create, negative if terminating (in which case do
635	>	* nothing), else release a waiter. The secondary checks for
636	>	* release (non-null array etc) can fail if the pool begins
637	>	* terminating after the test, and don't impose any added cost
638	>	* because JVMs must perform null and bounds checks anyway.
639	>	*/
640	>	long c; int e, u;
641	>	while ((((e = (int)(c = ctl)) | (u = (int)(c >>> 32))) &
642	>	(INT_SIGN|SHORT_SIGN)) == (INT_SIGN|SHORT_SIGN) && e >= 0) {
643	>	if (e > 0) {                         // release a waiting worker
644	>	int i; ForkJoinWorkerThread w; ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws;
645	>	if ((ws = workers) == null ||
646	>	(i = ~e & SMASK) >= ws.length ||
647	>	(w = ws[i]) == null)
648	>	break;
649	>	long nc = (((long)(w.nextWait & E_MASK)) |
650	>	((long)(u + UAC_UNIT) << 32));
651	>	if (w.eventCount == e &&
652	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, nc)) {
653	>	w.eventCount = (e + EC_UNIT) & E_MASK;
654	>	if (w.parked)
655	>	UNSAFE.unpark(w);
656	>	break;
657	>	}
658	>	}
659	>	else if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong
660	>	(this, ctlOffset, c,
661	>	(long)(((u + UTC_UNIT) & UTC_MASK) |
662	>	((u + UAC_UNIT) & UAC_MASK)) << 32)) {
663	>	addWorker();
664	>	break;
665	>	}
666	>	}
667		}
668
669		/**
670	<	* Return true if argument represents zero active count and
671	<	* nonzero runstate, which is the triggering condition for
672	<	* terminating on shutdown.
670	>	* Variant of signalWork to help release waiters on rescans.
671	>	* Tries once to release a waiter if active count < 0.
672	>	*
673	>	* @return false if failed due to contention, else true
674		*/
675	<	private static boolean canTerminateOnShutdown(int c) {
676	<	return ((c & -c) >>> 16) != 0; // i.e. least bit is nonzero runState bit
675	>	private boolean tryReleaseWaiter() {
676	>	long c; int e, i; ForkJoinWorkerThread w; ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws;
677	>	if ((e = (int)(c = ctl)) > 0 &&
678	>	(int)(c >> AC_SHIFT) < 0 &&
679	>	(ws = workers) != null &&
680	>	(i = ~e & SMASK) < ws.length &&
681	>	(w = ws[i]) != null) {
682	>	long nc = ((long)(w.nextWait & E_MASK) |
683	>	((c + AC_UNIT) & (AC_MASK|TC_MASK)));
684	>	if (w.eventCount != e ||
685	>	!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, nc))
686	>	return false;
687	>	w.eventCount = (e + EC_UNIT) & E_MASK;
688	>	if (w.parked)
689	>	UNSAFE.unpark(w);
690	>	}
691	>	return true;
692		}
693
694	+	// Scanning for tasks
695	+
696		/**
697	<	* Transition run state to at least the given state. Return true
698	<	* if not already at least given state.
697	>	* Scans for and, if found, executes one task. Scans start at a
698	>	* random index of workers array, and randomly select the first
699	>	* (2*#workers)-1 probes, and then, if all empty, resort to 2
700	>	* circular sweeps, which is necessary to check quiescence. and
701	>	* taking a submission only if no stealable tasks were found.  The
702	>	* steal code inside the loop is a specialized form of
703	>	* ForkJoinWorkerThread.deqTask, followed bookkeeping to support
704	>	* helpJoinTask and signal propagation. The code for submission
705	>	* queues is almost identical. On each steal, the worker completes
706	>	* not only the task, but also all local tasks that this task may
707	>	* have generated. On detecting staleness or contention when
708	>	* trying to take a task, this method returns without finishing
709	>	* sweep, which allows global state rechecks before retry.
710	>	*
711	>	* @param w the worker
712	>	* @param a the number of active workers
713	>	* @return true if swept all queues without finding a task
714		*/
715	<	private boolean transitionRunStateTo(int state) {
716	<	for (;;) {
717	<	int c = runControl;
718	<	if (runStateOf(c) >= state)
715	>	private boolean scan(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, int a) {
716	>	int g = scanGuard; // mask 0 avoids useless scans if only one active
717	>	int m = (parallelism == 1 - a && blockedCount == 0) ? 0 : g & SMASK;
718	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
719	>	if (ws == null || ws.length <= m)         // staleness check
720	>	return false;
721	>	for (int r = w.seed, k = r, j = -(m + m); j <= m + m; ++j) {
722	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t; ForkJoinTask<?>[] q; int b, i;
723	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread v = ws[k & m];
724	>	if (v != null && (b = v.queueBase) != v.queueTop &&
725	>	(q = v.queue) != null && (i = (q.length - 1) & b) >= 0) {
726	>	long u = (i << ASHIFT) + ABASE;
727	>	if ((t = q[i]) != null && v.queueBase == b &&
728	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(q, u, t, null)) {
729	>	int d = (v.queueBase = b + 1) - v.queueTop;
730	>	v.stealHint = w.poolIndex;
731	>	if (d != 0)
732	>	signalWork();             // propagate if nonempty
733	>	w.execTask(t);
734	>	}
735	>	r ^= r << 13; r ^= r >>> 17; w.seed = r ^ (r << 5);
736	>	return false;                     // store next seed
737	>	}
738	>	else if (j < 0) {                     // xorshift
739	>	r ^= r << 13; r ^= r >>> 17; k = r ^= r << 5;
740	>	}
741	>	else
742	>	++k;
743	>	}
744	>	if (scanGuard != g)                       // staleness check
745	>	return false;
746	>	else {                                    // try to take submission
747	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t; ForkJoinTask<?>[] q; int b, i;
748	>	if ((b = queueBase) != queueTop &&
749	>	(q = submissionQueue) != null &&
750	>	(i = (q.length - 1) & b) >= 0) {
751	>	long u = (i << ASHIFT) + ABASE;
752	>	if ((t = q[i]) != null && queueBase == b &&
753	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(q, u, t, null)) {
754	>	queueBase = b + 1;
755	>	w.execTask(t);
756	>	}
757		return false;
758	<	if (casRunControl(c, runControlFor(state, activeCountOf(c))))
758	>	}
759	>	return true;                         // all queues empty
760	>	}
761	>	}
762	>
763	>	/**
764	>	* Tries to enqueue worker w in wait queue and await change in
765	>	* worker's eventCount.  If the pool is quiescent, possibly
766	>	* terminates worker upon exit.  Otherwise, before blocking,
767	>	* rescans queues to avoid missed signals.  Upon finding work,
768	>	* releases at least one worker (which may be the current
769	>	* worker). Rescans restart upon detected staleness or failure to
770	>	* release due to contention. Note the unusual conventions about
771	>	* Thread.interrupt here and elsewhere: Because interrupts are
772	>	* used solely to alert threads to check termination, which is
773	>	* checked here anyway, we clear status (using Thread.interrupted)
774	>	* before any call to park, so that park does not immediately
775	>	* return due to status being set via some other unrelated call to
776	>	* interrupt in user code.
777	>	*
778	>	* @param w the calling worker
779	>	* @param c the ctl value on entry
780	>	* @return true if waited or another thread was released upon enq
781	>	*/
782	>	private boolean tryAwaitWork(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, long c) {
783	>	int v = w.eventCount;
784	>	w.nextWait = (int)c;                      // w's successor record
785	>	long nc = (long)(v & E_MASK) | ((c - AC_UNIT) & (AC_MASK|TC_MASK));
786	>	if (ctl != c || !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, nc)) {
787	>	long d = ctl; // return true if lost to a deq, to force scan
788	>	return (int)d != (int)c && ((d - c) & AC_MASK) >= 0L;
789	>	}
790	>	for (int sc = w.stealCount; sc != 0;) {   // accumulate stealCount
791	>	long s = stealCount;
792	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, stealCountOffset, s, s + sc))
793	>	sc = w.stealCount = 0;
794	>	else if (w.eventCount != v)
795	>	return true;                      // update next time
796	>	}
797	>	if (parallelism + (int)(nc >> AC_SHIFT) == 0 &&
798	>	blockedCount == 0 && quiescerCount == 0)
799	>	idleAwaitWork(w, nc, c, v);           // quiescent
800	>	for (boolean rescanned = false;;) {
801	>	if (w.eventCount != v)
802		return true;
803	+	if (!rescanned) {
804	+	int g = scanGuard, m = g & SMASK;
805	+	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
806	+	if (ws != null && m < ws.length) {
807	+	rescanned = true;
808	+	for (int i = 0; i <= m; ++i) {
809	+	ForkJoinWorkerThread u = ws[i];
810	+	if (u != null) {
811	+	if (u.queueBase != u.queueTop &&
812	+	!tryReleaseWaiter())
813	+	rescanned = false; // contended
814	+	if (w.eventCount != v)
815	+	return true;
816	+	}
817	+	}
818	+	}
819	+	if (scanGuard != g ||              // stale
820	+	(queueBase != queueTop && !tryReleaseWaiter()))
821	+	rescanned = false;
822	+	if (!rescanned)
823	+	Thread.yield();                // reduce contention
824	+	else
825	+	Thread.interrupted();          // clear before park
826	+	}
827	+	else {
828	+	w.parked = true;                   // must recheck
829	+	if (w.eventCount != v) {
830	+	w.parked = false;
831	+	return true;
832	+	}
833	+	LockSupport.park(this);
834	+	rescanned = w.parked = false;
835	+	}
836		}
837		}
838
839		/**
840	<	* Controls whether to add spares to maintain parallelism
840	>	* If inactivating worker w has caused pool to become
841	>	* quiescent, check for pool termination, and wait for event
842	>	* for up to SHRINK_RATE nanosecs (rescans are unnecessary in
843	>	* this case because quiescence reflects consensus about lack
844	>	* of work). On timeout, if ctl has not changed, terminate the
845	>	* worker. Upon its termination (see deregisterWorker), it may
846	>	* wake up another worker to possibly repeat this process.
847	>	*
848	>	* @param w the calling worker
849	>	* @param currentCtl the ctl value after enqueuing w
850	>	* @param prevCtl the ctl value if w terminated
851	>	* @param v the eventCount w awaits change
852	>	*/
853	>	private void idleAwaitWork(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, long currentCtl,
854	>	long prevCtl, int v) {
855	>	if (w.eventCount == v) {
856	>	if (shutdown)
857	>	tryTerminate(false);
858	>	ForkJoinTask.helpExpungeStaleExceptions(); // help clean weak refs
859	>	while (ctl == currentCtl) {
860	>	long startTime = System.nanoTime();
861	>	w.parked = true;
862	>	if (w.eventCount == v)             // must recheck
863	>	LockSupport.parkNanos(this, SHRINK_RATE);
864	>	w.parked = false;
865	>	if (w.eventCount != v)
866	>	break;
867	>	else if (System.nanoTime() - startTime <
868	>	SHRINK_RATE - (SHRINK_RATE / 10)) // timing slop
869	>	Thread.interrupted();          // spurious wakeup
870	>	else if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset,
871	>	currentCtl, prevCtl)) {
872	>	w.terminate = true;            // restore previous
873	>	w.eventCount = ((int)currentCtl + EC_UNIT) & E_MASK;
874	>	break;
875	>	}
876	>	}
877	>	}
878	>	}
879	>
880	>	// Submissions
881	>
882	>	/**
883	>	* Enqueues the given task in the submissionQueue.  Same idea as
884	>	* ForkJoinWorkerThread.pushTask except for use of submissionLock.
885	>	*
886	>	* @param t the task
887		*/
888	<	private volatile boolean maintainsParallelism;
888	>	private void addSubmission(ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
889	>	final ReentrantLock lock = this.submissionLock;
890	>	lock.lock();
891	>	try {
892	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q; int s, m;
893	>	if ((q = submissionQueue) != null) {    // ignore if queue removed
894	>	long u = (((s = queueTop) & (m = q.length-1)) << ASHIFT)+ABASE;
895	>	UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(q, u, t);
896	>	queueTop = s + 1;
897	>	if (s - queueBase == m)
898	>	growSubmissionQueue();
899	>	}
900	>	} finally {
901	>	lock.unlock();
902	>	}
903	>	signalWork();
904	>	}
905
906	<	// Constructors
906	>	//  (pollSubmission is defined below with exported methods)
907
908		/**
909	<	* Creates a ForkJoinPool with a pool size equal to the number of
910	<	* processors available on the system and using the default
325	<	* ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
326	<	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
327	<	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
328	<	*         because it does not hold {@link
329	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
909	>	* Creates or doubles submissionQueue array.
910	>	* Basically identical to ForkJoinWorkerThread version.
911		*/
912	<	public ForkJoinPool() {
913	<	this(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
914	<	defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory);
912	>	private void growSubmissionQueue() {
913	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] oldQ = submissionQueue;
914	>	int size = oldQ != null ? oldQ.length << 1 : INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY;
915	>	if (size > MAXIMUM_QUEUE_CAPACITY)
916	>	throw new RejectedExecutionException("Queue capacity exceeded");
917	>	if (size < INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY)
918	>	size = INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY;
919	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = submissionQueue = new ForkJoinTask<?>[size];
920	>	int mask = size - 1;
921	>	int top = queueTop;
922	>	int oldMask;
923	>	if (oldQ != null && (oldMask = oldQ.length - 1) >= 0) {
924	>	for (int b = queueBase; b != top; ++b) {
925	>	long u = ((b & oldMask) << ASHIFT) + ABASE;
926	>	Object x = UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(oldQ, u);
927	>	if (x != null && UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(oldQ, u, x, null))
928	>	UNSAFE.putObjectVolatile
929	>	(q, ((b & mask) << ASHIFT) + ABASE, x);
930	>	}
931	>	}
932		}
933
934	+	// Blocking support
935	+
936		/**
937	<	* Creates a ForkJoinPool with the indicated parellelism level
938	<	* threads, and using the default ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
939	<	* @param parallelism the number of worker threads
940	<	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
941	<	* equal to zero
942	<	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
343	<	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
344	<	*         because it does not hold {@link
345	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
937	>	* Tries to increment blockedCount, decrement active count
938	>	* (sometimes implicitly) and possibly release or create a
939	>	* compensating worker in preparation for blocking. Fails
940	>	* on contention or termination.
941	>	*
942	>	* @return true if the caller can block, else should recheck and retry
943		*/
944	<	public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) {
945	<	this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory);
944	>	private boolean tryPreBlock() {
945	>	int b = blockedCount;
946	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, blockedCountOffset, b, b + 1)) {
947	>	int pc = parallelism;
948	>	do {
949	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws; ForkJoinWorkerThread w;
950	>	int e, ac, tc, rc, i;
951	>	long c = ctl;
952	>	int u = (int)(c >>> 32);
953	>	if ((e = (int)c) < 0) {
954	>	// skip -- terminating
955	>	}
956	>	else if ((ac = (u >> UAC_SHIFT)) <= 0 && e != 0 &&
957	>	(ws = workers) != null &&
958	>	(i = ~e & SMASK) < ws.length &&
959	>	(w = ws[i]) != null) {
960	>	long nc = ((long)(w.nextWait & E_MASK) |
961	>	(c & (AC_MASK|TC_MASK)));
962	>	if (w.eventCount == e &&
963	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, nc)) {
964	>	w.eventCount = (e + EC_UNIT) & E_MASK;
965	>	if (w.parked)
966	>	UNSAFE.unpark(w);
967	>	return true;             // release an idle worker
968	>	}
969	>	}
970	>	else if ((tc = (short)(u >>> UTC_SHIFT)) >= 0 && ac + pc > 1) {
971	>	long nc = ((c - AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) | (c & ~AC_MASK);
972	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, nc))
973	>	return true;             // no compensation needed
974	>	}
975	>	else if (tc + pc < MAX_ID) {
976	>	long nc = ((c + TC_UNIT) & TC_MASK) | (c & ~TC_MASK);
977	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, nc)) {
978	>	addWorker();
979	>	return true;            // create a replacement
980	>	}
981	>	}
982	>	// try to back out on any failure and let caller retry
983	>	} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, blockedCountOffset,
984	>	b = blockedCount, b - 1));
985	>	}
986	>	return false;
987		}
988
989		/**
990	<	* Creates a ForkJoinPool with parallelism equal to the number of
353	<	* processors available on the system and using the given
354	<	* ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
355	<	* @param factory the factory for creating new threads
356	<	* @throws NullPointerException if factory is null
357	<	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
358	<	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
359	<	*         because it does not hold {@link
360	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
990	>	* Decrements blockedCount and increments active count
991		*/
992	<	public ForkJoinPool(ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory) {
993	<	this(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(), factory);
992	>	private void postBlock() {
993	>	long c;
994	>	do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset,  // no mask
995	>	c = ctl, c + AC_UNIT));
996	>	int b;
997	>	do {} while(!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, blockedCountOffset,
998	>	b = blockedCount, b - 1));
999		}
1000
1001		/**
1002	<	* Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parallelism and factory.
1002	>	* Possibly blocks waiting for the given task to complete, or
1003	>	* cancels the task if terminating.  Fails to wait if contended.
1004		*
1005	<	* @param parallelism the targeted number of worker threads
370	<	* @param factory the factory for creating new threads
371	<	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
372	<	* equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit.
373	<	* @throws NullPointerException if factory is null
374	<	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
375	<	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
376	<	*         because it does not hold {@link
377	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
1005	>	* @param joinMe the task
1006		*/
1007	<	public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory) {
1008	<	if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > MAX_THREADS)
1009	<	throw new IllegalArgumentException();
1010	<	if (factory == null)
1011	<	throw new NullPointerException();
1012	<	checkPermission();
1013	<	this.factory = factory;
1014	<	this.parallelism = parallelism;
1015	<	this.maxPoolSize = MAX_THREADS;
1016	<	this.maintainsParallelism = true;
1017	<	this.poolNumber = poolNumberGenerator.incrementAndGet();
390	<	this.workerLock = new ReentrantLock();
391	<	this.termination = workerLock.newCondition();
392	<	this.stealCount = new AtomicLong();
393	<	this.submissionQueue = new LinkedTransferQueue<ForkJoinTask<?>>();
394	<	createAndStartInitialWorkers(parallelism);
1007	>	final void tryAwaitJoin(ForkJoinTask<?> joinMe) {
1008	>	int s;
1009	>	Thread.interrupted(); // clear interrupts before checking termination
1010	>	if (joinMe.status >= 0) {
1011	>	if (tryPreBlock()) {
1012	>	joinMe.tryAwaitDone(0L);
1013	>	postBlock();
1014	>	}
1015	>	else if ((ctl & STOP_BIT) != 0L)
1016	>	joinMe.cancelIgnoringExceptions();
1017	>	}
1018		}
1019
1020		/**
1021	<	* Create new worker using factory.
1022	<	* @param index the index to assign worker
1023	<	* @return new worker, or null of factory failed
1021	>	* Possibly blocks the given worker waiting for joinMe to
1022	>	* complete or timeout
1023	>	*
1024	>	* @param joinMe the task
1025	>	* @param millis the wait time for underlying Object.wait
1026		*/
1027	<	private ForkJoinWorkerThread createWorker(int index) {
1028	<	Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler h = ueh;
1029	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = factory.newThread(this);
1030	<	if (w != null) {
1031	<	w.poolIndex = index;
1032	<	w.setDaemon(true);
1033	<	w.setName("ForkJoinPool-" + poolNumber + "-worker-" + index);
1034	<	if (h != null)
1035	<	w.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(h);
1027	>	final void timedAwaitJoin(ForkJoinTask<?> joinMe, long nanos) {
1028	>	while (joinMe.status >= 0) {
1029	>	Thread.interrupted();
1030	>	if ((ctl & STOP_BIT) != 0L) {
1031	>	joinMe.cancelIgnoringExceptions();
1032	>	break;
1033	>	}
1034	>	if (tryPreBlock()) {
1035	>	long last = System.nanoTime();
1036	>	while (joinMe.status >= 0) {
1037	>	long millis = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(nanos);
1038	>	if (millis <= 0)
1039	>	break;
1040	>	joinMe.tryAwaitDone(millis);
1041	>	if (joinMe.status < 0)
1042	>	break;
1043	>	if ((ctl & STOP_BIT) != 0L) {
1044	>	joinMe.cancelIgnoringExceptions();
1045	>	break;
1046	>	}
1047	>	long now = System.nanoTime();
1048	>	nanos -= now - last;
1049	>	last = now;
1050	>	}
1051	>	postBlock();
1052	>	break;
1053	>	}
1054		}
412	–	return w;
1055		}
1056
1057		/**
1058	<	* Return a good size for worker array given pool size.
417	<	* Currently requires size to be a power of two.
1058	>	* If necessary, compensates for blocker, and blocks
1059		*/
1060	<	private static int arraySizeFor(int ps) {
1061	<	return ps <= 1? 1 : (1 << (32 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ps-1)));
1060	>	private void awaitBlocker(ManagedBlocker blocker)
1061	>	throws InterruptedException {
1062	>	while (!blocker.isReleasable()) {
1063	>	if (tryPreBlock()) {
1064	>	try {
1065	>	do {} while (!blocker.isReleasable() && !blocker.block());
1066	>	} finally {
1067	>	postBlock();
1068	>	}
1069	>	break;
1070	>	}
1071	>	}
1072		}
1073
1074	+	// Creating, registering and deregistring workers
1075	+
1076		/**
1077	<	* Create or resize array if necessary to hold newLength
1078	<	* @return the array
1077	>	* Tries to create and start a worker; minimally rolls back counts
1078	>	* on failure.
1079		*/
1080	<	private ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(int newLength) {
1081	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1082	<	if (ws == null)
1083	<	return workers = new ForkJoinWorkerThread[arraySizeFor(newLength)];
1084	<	else if (newLength > ws.length)
1085	<	return workers = Arrays.copyOf(ws, arraySizeFor(newLength));
1080	>	private void addWorker() {
1081	>	Throwable ex = null;
1082	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread t = null;
1083	>	try {
1084	>	t = factory.newThread(this);
1085	>	} catch (Throwable e) {
1086	>	ex = e;
1087	>	}
1088	>	if (t == null) {  // null or exceptional factory return
1089	>	long c;       // adjust counts
1090	>	do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong
1091	>	(this, ctlOffset, c = ctl,
1092	>	(((c - AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) |
1093	>	((c - TC_UNIT) & TC_MASK) |
1094	>	(c & ~(AC_MASK|TC_MASK)))));
1095	>	// Propagate exception if originating from an external caller
1096	>	if (!tryTerminate(false) && ex != null &&
1097	>	!(Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread))
1098	>	UNSAFE.throwException(ex);
1099	>	}
1100		else
1101	<	return ws;
1101	>	t.start();
1102		}
1103
1104		/**
1105	<	* Try to shrink workers into smaller array after one or more terminate
1105	>	* Callback from ForkJoinWorkerThread constructor to assign a
1106	>	* public name
1107		*/
1108	<	private void tryShrinkWorkerArray() {
1109	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1110	<	int len = ws.length;
1111	<	int last = len - 1;
1112	<	while (last >= 0 && ws[last] == null)
1113	<	--last;
446	<	int newLength = arraySizeFor(last+1);
447	<	if (newLength < len)
448	<	workers = Arrays.copyOf(ws, newLength);
1108	>	final String nextWorkerName() {
1109	>	for (int n;;) {
1110	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, nextWorkerNumberOffset,
1111	>	n = nextWorkerNumber, ++n))
1112	>	return workerNamePrefix + n;
1113	>	}
1114		}
1115
1116		/**
1117	<	* Initial worker array and worker creation and startup. (This
1118	<	* must be done under lock to avoid interference by some of the
1119	<	* newly started threads while creating others.)
1117	>	* Callback from ForkJoinWorkerThread constructor to
1118	>	* determine its poolIndex and record in workers array.
1119	>	*
1120	>	* @param w the worker
1121	>	* @return the worker's pool index
1122		*/
1123	<	private void createAndStartInitialWorkers(int ps) {
1124	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1125	<	lock.lock();
1126	<	try {
1127	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(ps);
1128	<	for (int i = 0; i < ps; ++i) {
1129	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = createWorker(i);
1130	<	if (w != null) {
1131	<	ws[i] = w;
1132	<	w.start();
1133	<	updateWorkerCount(1);
1123	>	final int registerWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
1124	>	/*
1125	>	* In the typical case, a new worker acquires the lock, uses
1126	>	* next available index and returns quickly.  Since we should
1127	>	* not block callers (ultimately from signalWork or
1128	>	* tryPreBlock) waiting for the lock needed to do this, we
1129	>	* instead help release other workers while waiting for the
1130	>	* lock.
1131	>	*/
1132	>	for (int g;;) {
1133	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws;
1134	>	if (((g = scanGuard) & SG_UNIT) == 0 &&
1135	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, scanGuardOffset,
1136	>	g, g | SG_UNIT)) {
1137	>	int k = nextWorkerIndex;
1138	>	try {
1139	>	if ((ws = workers) != null) { // ignore on shutdown
1140	>	int n = ws.length;
1141	>	if (k < 0 || k >= n || ws[k] != null) {
1142	>	for (k = 0; k < n && ws[k] != null; ++k)
1143	>	;
1144	>	if (k == n)
1145	>	ws = workers = Arrays.copyOf(ws, n << 1);
1146	>	}
1147	>	ws[k] = w;
1148	>	nextWorkerIndex = k + 1;
1149	>	int m = g & SMASK;
1150	>	g = k > m? ((m << 1) + 1) & SMASK : g + (SG_UNIT<<1);
1151	>	}
1152	>	} finally {
1153	>	scanGuard = g;
1154	>	}
1155	>	return k;
1156	>	}
1157	>	else if ((ws = workers) != null) { // help release others
1158	>	for (ForkJoinWorkerThread u : ws) {
1159	>	if (u != null && u.queueBase != u.queueTop) {
1160	>	if (tryReleaseWaiter())
1161	>	break;
1162	>	}
1163		}
1164		}
469	–	} finally {
470	–	lock.unlock();
1165		}
1166		}
1167
1168		/**
1169	<	* Worker creation and startup for threads added via setParallelism.
1169	>	* Final callback from terminating worker.  Removes record of
1170	>	* worker from array, and adjusts counts. If pool is shutting
1171	>	* down, tries to complete termination.
1172	>	*
1173	>	* @param w the worker
1174		*/
1175	<	private void createAndStartAddedWorkers() {
1176	<	resumeAllSpares();  // Allow spares to convert to nonspare
1177	<	int ps = parallelism;
1178	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(ps);
1179	<	int len = ws.length;
1180	<	// Sweep through slots, to keep lowest indices most populated
1181	<	int k = 0;
1182	<	while (k < len) {
1183	<	if (ws[k] != null) {
1184	<	++k;
1185	<	continue;
1175	>	final void deregisterWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, Throwable ex) {
1176	>	int idx = w.poolIndex;
1177	>	int sc = w.stealCount;
1178	>	int steps = 0;
1179	>	// Remove from array, adjust worker counts and collect steal count.
1180	>	// We can intermix failed removes or adjusts with steal updates
1181	>	do {
1182	>	long s, c;
1183	>	int g;
1184	>	if (steps == 0 && ((g = scanGuard) & SG_UNIT) == 0 &&
1185	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, scanGuardOffset,
1186	>	g, g |= SG_UNIT)) {
1187	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1188	>	if (ws != null && idx >= 0 &&
1189	>	idx < ws.length && ws[idx] == w)
1190	>	ws[idx] = null;    // verify
1191	>	nextWorkerIndex = idx;
1192	>	scanGuard = g + SG_UNIT;
1193	>	steps = 1;
1194	>	}
1195	>	if (steps == 1 &&
1196	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c = ctl,
1197	>	(((c - AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) |
1198	>	((c - TC_UNIT) & TC_MASK) |
1199	>	(c & ~(AC_MASK|TC_MASK)))))
1200	>	steps = 2;
1201	>	if (sc != 0 &&
1202	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, stealCountOffset,
1203	>	s = stealCount, s + sc))
1204	>	sc = 0;
1205	>	} while (steps != 2 || sc != 0);
1206	>	if (!tryTerminate(false)) {
1207	>	if (ex != null)   // possibly replace if died abnormally
1208	>	signalWork();
1209	>	else
1210	>	tryReleaseWaiter();
1211	>	}
1212	>	}
1213	>
1214	>	// Shutdown and termination
1215	>
1216	>	/**
1217	>	* Possibly initiates and/or completes termination.
1218	>	*
1219	>	* @param now if true, unconditionally terminate, else only
1220	>	* if shutdown and empty queue and no active workers
1221	>	* @return true if now terminating or terminated
1222	>	*/
1223	>	private boolean tryTerminate(boolean now) {
1224	>	long c;
1225	>	while (((c = ctl) & STOP_BIT) == 0) {
1226	>	if (!now) {
1227	>	if ((int)(c >> AC_SHIFT) != -parallelism)
1228	>	return false;
1229	>	if (!shutdown || blockedCount != 0 || quiescerCount != 0 ||
1230	>	queueBase != queueTop) {
1231	>	if (ctl == c) // staleness check
1232	>	return false;
1233	>	continue;
1234	>	}
1235		}
1236	<	int s = workerCounts;
1237	<	int tc = totalCountOf(s);
1238	<	int rc = runningCountOf(s);
1239	<	if (rc >= ps || tc >= ps)
1240	<	break;
1241	<	if (casWorkerCounts (s, workerCountsFor(tc+1, rc+1))) {
1242	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = createWorker(k);
1243	<	if (w != null) {
1244	<	ws[k++] = w;
1245	<	w.start();
1236	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c, c | STOP_BIT))
1237	>	startTerminating();
1238	>	}
1239	>	if ((short)(c >>> TC_SHIFT) == -parallelism) { // signal when 0 workers
1240	>	final ReentrantLock lock = this.submissionLock;
1241	>	lock.lock();
1242	>	try {
1243	>	termination.signalAll();
1244	>	} finally {
1245	>	lock.unlock();
1246	>	}
1247	>	}
1248	>	return true;
1249	>	}
1250	>
1251	>	/**
1252	>	* Runs up to three passes through workers: (0) Setting
1253	>	* termination status for each worker, followed by wakeups up to
1254	>	* queued workers; (1) helping cancel tasks; (2) interrupting
1255	>	* lagging threads (likely in external tasks, but possibly also
1256	>	* blocked in joins).  Each pass repeats previous steps because of
1257	>	* potential lagging thread creation.
1258	>	*/
1259	>	private void startTerminating() {
1260	>	cancelSubmissions();
1261	>	for (int pass = 0; pass < 3; ++pass) {
1262	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1263	>	if (ws != null) {
1264	>	for (ForkJoinWorkerThread w : ws) {
1265	>	if (w != null) {
1266	>	w.terminate = true;
1267	>	if (pass > 0) {
1268	>	w.cancelTasks();
1269	>	if (pass > 1 && !w.isInterrupted()) {
1270	>	try {
1271	>	w.interrupt();
1272	>	} catch (SecurityException ignore) {
1273	>	}
1274	>	}
1275	>	}
1276	>	}
1277		}
1278	<	else {
1279	<	updateWorkerCount(-1); // back out on failed creation
1280	<	break;
1278	>	terminateWaiters();
1279	>	}
1280	>	}
1281	>	}
1282	>
1283	>	/**
1284	>	* Polls and cancels all submissions. Called only during termination.
1285	>	*/
1286	>	private void cancelSubmissions() {
1287	>	while (queueBase != queueTop) {
1288	>	ForkJoinTask<?> task = pollSubmission();
1289	>	if (task != null) {
1290	>	try {
1291	>	task.cancel(false);
1292	>	} catch (Throwable ignore) {
1293		}
1294		}
1295		}
1296		}
1297
1298	<	// Execution methods
1298	>	/**
1299	>	* Tries to set the termination status of waiting workers, and
1300	>	* then wakes them up (after which they will terminate).
1301	>	*/
1302	>	private void terminateWaiters() {
1303	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1304	>	if (ws != null) {
1305	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread w; long c; int i, e;
1306	>	int n = ws.length;
1307	>	while ((i = ~(e = (int)(c = ctl)) & SMASK) < n &&
1308	>	(w = ws[i]) != null && w.eventCount == (e & E_MASK)) {
1309	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c,
1310	>	(long)(w.nextWait & E_MASK) |
1311	>	((c + AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) |
1312	>	(c & (TC_MASK|STOP_BIT)))) {
1313	>	w.terminate = true;
1314	>	w.eventCount = e + EC_UNIT;
1315	>	if (w.parked)
1316	>	UNSAFE.unpark(w);
1317	>	}
1318	>	}
1319	>	}
1320	>	}
1321	>
1322	>	// misc ForkJoinWorkerThread support
1323
1324		/**
1325	<	* Common code for execute, invoke and submit
1325	>	* Increment or decrement quiescerCount. Needed only to prevent
1326	>	* triggering shutdown if a worker is transiently inactive while
1327	>	* checking quiescence.
1328	>	*
1329	>	* @param delta 1 for increment, -1 for decrement
1330		*/
1331	<	private <T> void doSubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
1332	<	if (isShutdown())
1333	<	throw new RejectedExecutionException();
1334	<	submissionQueue.offer(task);
517	<	signalIdleWorkers();
1331	>	final void addQuiescerCount(int delta) {
1332	>	int c;
1333	>	do {} while(!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, quiescerCountOffset,
1334	>	c = quiescerCount, c + delta));
1335		}
1336
1337		/**
1338	<	* Performs the given task; returning its result upon completion
1338	>	* Directly increment or decrement active count without
1339	>	* queuing. This method is used to transiently assert inactivation
1340	>	* while checking quiescence.
1341	>	*
1342	>	* @param delta 1 for increment, -1 for decrement
1343	>	*/
1344	>	final void addActiveCount(int delta) {
1345	>	long d = delta < 0 ? -AC_UNIT : AC_UNIT;
1346	>	long c;
1347	>	do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, ctlOffset, c = ctl,
1348	>	((c + d) & AC_MASK) |
1349	>	(c & ~AC_MASK)));
1350	>	}
1351	>
1352	>	/**
1353	>	* Returns the approximate (non-atomic) number of idle threads per
1354	>	* active thread.
1355	>	*/
1356	>	final int idlePerActive() {
1357	>	// Approximate at powers of two for small values, saturate past 4
1358	>	int p = parallelism;
1359	>	int a = p + (int)(ctl >> AC_SHIFT);
1360	>	return (a > (p >>>= 1) ? 0 :
1361	>	a > (p >>>= 1) ? 1 :
1362	>	a > (p >>>= 1) ? 2 :
1363	>	a > (p >>>= 1) ? 4 :
1364	>	8);
1365	>	}
1366	>
1367	>	// Exported methods
1368	>
1369	>	// Constructors
1370	>
1371	>	/**
1372	>	* Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with parallelism equal to {@link
1373	>	* java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}, using the {@linkplain
1374	>	* #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory},
1375	>	* no UncaughtExceptionHandler, and non-async LIFO processing mode.
1376	>	*
1377	>	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
1378	>	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
1379	>	*         because it does not hold {@link
1380	>	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
1381	>	*/
1382	>	public ForkJoinPool() {
1383	>	this(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
1384	>	defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
1385	>	}
1386	>
1387	>	/**
1388	>	* Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the indicated parallelism
1389	>	* level, the {@linkplain
1390	>	* #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory},
1391	>	* no UncaughtExceptionHandler, and non-async LIFO processing mode.
1392	>	*
1393	>	* @param parallelism the parallelism level
1394	>	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
1395	>	*         equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
1396	>	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
1397	>	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
1398	>	*         because it does not hold {@link
1399	>	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
1400	>	*/
1401	>	public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) {
1402	>	this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false);
1403	>	}
1404	>
1405	>	/**
1406	>	* Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the given parameters.
1407	>	*
1408	>	* @param parallelism the parallelism level. For default value,
1409	>	* use {@link java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}.
1410	>	* @param factory the factory for creating new threads. For default value,
1411	>	* use {@link #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory}.
1412	>	* @param handler the handler for internal worker threads that
1413	>	* terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing
1414	>	* tasks. For default value, use {@code null}.
1415	>	* @param asyncMode if true,
1416	>	* establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked
1417	>	* tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate
1418	>	* than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which
1419	>	* worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks.
1420	>	* For default value, use {@code false}.
1421	>	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
1422	>	*         equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
1423	>	* @throws NullPointerException if the factory is null
1424	>	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
1425	>	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
1426	>	*         because it does not hold {@link
1427	>	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
1428	>	*/
1429	>	public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,
1430	>	ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,
1431	>	Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,
1432	>	boolean asyncMode) {
1433	>	checkPermission();
1434	>	if (factory == null)
1435	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1436	>	if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > MAX_ID)
1437	>	throw new IllegalArgumentException();
1438	>	this.parallelism = parallelism;
1439	>	this.factory = factory;
1440	>	this.ueh = handler;
1441	>	this.locallyFifo = asyncMode;
1442	>	long np = (long)(-parallelism); // offset ctl counts
1443	>	this.ctl = ((np << AC_SHIFT) & AC_MASK) | ((np << TC_SHIFT) & TC_MASK);
1444	>	this.submissionQueue = new ForkJoinTask<?>[INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY];
1445	>	// initialize workers array with room for 2*parallelism if possible
1446	>	int n = parallelism << 1;
1447	>	if (n >= MAX_ID)
1448	>	n = MAX_ID;
1449	>	else { // See Hackers Delight, sec 3.2, where n < (1 << 16)
1450	>	n |= n >>> 1; n |= n >>> 2; n |= n >>> 4; n |= n >>> 8;
1451	>	}
1452	>	workers = new ForkJoinWorkerThread[n + 1];
1453	>	this.submissionLock = new ReentrantLock();
1454	>	this.termination = submissionLock.newCondition();
1455	>	StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("ForkJoinPool-");
1456	>	sb.append(poolNumberGenerator.incrementAndGet());
1457	>	sb.append("-worker-");
1458	>	this.workerNamePrefix = sb.toString();
1459	>	}
1460	>
1461	>	// Execution methods
1462	>
1463	>	/**
1464	>	* Performs the given task, returning its result upon completion.
1465	>	* If the computation encounters an unchecked Exception or Error,
1466	>	* it is rethrown as the outcome of this invocation.  Rethrown
1467	>	* exceptions behave in the same way as regular exceptions, but,
1468	>	* when possible, contain stack traces (as displayed for example
1469	>	* using {@code ex.printStackTrace()}) of both the current thread
1470	>	* as well as the thread actually encountering the exception;
1471	>	* minimally only the latter.
1472	>	*
1473		* @param task the task
1474		* @return the task's result
1475	<	* @throws NullPointerException if task is null
1476	<	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if pool is shut down
1475	>	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1476	>	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1477	>	*         scheduled for execution
1478		*/
1479		public <T> T invoke(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
1480	<	doSubmit(task);
1481	<	return task.join();
1480	>	Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
1481	>	if (task == null)
1482	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1483	>	if (shutdown)
1484	>	throw new RejectedExecutionException();
1485	>	if ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) &&
1486	>	((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool == this)
1487	>	return task.invoke();  // bypass submit if in same pool
1488	>	else {
1489	>	addSubmission(task);
1490	>	return task.join();
1491	>	}
1492	>	}
1493	>
1494	>	/**
1495	>	* Unless terminating, forks task if within an ongoing FJ
1496	>	* computation in the current pool, else submits as external task.
1497	>	*/
1498	>	private <T> void forkOrSubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
1499	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread w;
1500	>	Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
1501	>	if (shutdown)
1502	>	throw new RejectedExecutionException();
1503	>	if ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) &&
1504	>	(w = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool == this)
1505	>	w.pushTask(task);
1506	>	else
1507	>	addSubmission(task);
1508		}
1509
1510		/**
1511		* Arranges for (asynchronous) execution of the given task.
1512	+	*
1513		* @param task the task
1514	<	* @throws NullPointerException if task is null
1515	<	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if pool is shut down
1514	>	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1515	>	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1516	>	*         scheduled for execution
1517		*/
1518	<	public <T> void execute(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
1519	<	doSubmit(task);
1518	>	public void execute(ForkJoinTask<?> task) {
1519	>	if (task == null)
1520	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1521	>	forkOrSubmit(task);
1522		}
1523
1524		// AbstractExecutorService methods
1525
1526	+	/**
1527	+	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1528	+	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1529	+	*         scheduled for execution
1530	+	*/
1531		public void execute(Runnable task) {
1532	<	doSubmit(new AdaptedRunnable<Void>(task, null));
1532	>	if (task == null)
1533	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1534	>	ForkJoinTask<?> job;
1535	>	if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap
1536	>	job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task;
1537	>	else
1538	>	job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task, null);
1539	>	forkOrSubmit(job);
1540		}
1541
1542	+	/**
1543	+	* Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
1544	+	*
1545	+	* @param task the task to submit
1546	+	* @return the task
1547	+	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1548	+	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1549	+	*         scheduled for execution
1550	+	*/
1551	+	public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) {
1552	+	if (task == null)
1553	+	throw new NullPointerException();
1554	+	forkOrSubmit(task);
1555	+	return task;
1556	+	}
1557	+
1558	+	/**
1559	+	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1560	+	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1561	+	*         scheduled for execution
1562	+	*/
1563		public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
1564	<	ForkJoinTask<T> job = new AdaptedCallable<T>(task);
1565	<	doSubmit(job);
1564	>	if (task == null)
1565	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1566	>	ForkJoinTask<T> job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task);
1567	>	forkOrSubmit(job);
1568		return job;
1569		}
1570
1571	+	/**
1572	+	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1573	+	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1574	+	*         scheduled for execution
1575	+	*/
1576		public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
1577	<	ForkJoinTask<T> job = new AdaptedRunnable<T>(task, result);
1578	<	doSubmit(job);
1577	>	if (task == null)
1578	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1579	>	ForkJoinTask<T> job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task, result);
1580	>	forkOrSubmit(job);
1581		return job;
1582		}
1583
1584	+	/**
1585	+	* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
1586	+	* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
1587	+	*         scheduled for execution
1588	+	*/
1589		public ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task) {
1590	<	ForkJoinTask<Void> job = new AdaptedRunnable<Void>(task, null);
1591	<	doSubmit(job);
1590	>	if (task == null)
1591	>	throw new NullPointerException();
1592	>	ForkJoinTask<?> job;
1593	>	if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap
1594	>	job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task;
1595	>	else
1596	>	job = ForkJoinTask.adapt(task, null);
1597	>	forkOrSubmit(job);
1598		return job;
1599		}
1600
1601		/**
1602	<	* Adaptor for Runnables. This implements RunnableFuture
1603	<	* to be compliant with AbstractExecutorService constraints
1602	>	* @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
1603	>	* @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
1604		*/
570	–	static final class AdaptedRunnable<T> extends ForkJoinTask<T>
571	–	implements RunnableFuture<T> {
572	–	final Runnable runnable;
573	–	final T resultOnCompletion;
574	–	T result;
575	–	AdaptedRunnable(Runnable runnable, T result) {
576	–	if (runnable == null) throw new NullPointerException();
577	–	this.runnable = runnable;
578	–	this.resultOnCompletion = result;
579	–	}
580	–	public T getRawResult() { return result; }
581	–	public void setRawResult(T v) { result = v; }
582	–	public boolean exec() {
583	–	runnable.run();
584	–	result = resultOnCompletion;
585	–	return true;
586	–	}
587	–	public void run() { invoke(); }
588	–	}
589	–
590	–	/**
591	–	* Adaptor for Callables
592	–	*/
593	–	static final class AdaptedCallable<T> extends ForkJoinTask<T>
594	–	implements RunnableFuture<T> {
595	–	final Callable<T> callable;
596	–	T result;
597	–	AdaptedCallable(Callable<T> callable) {
598	–	if (callable == null) throw new NullPointerException();
599	–	this.callable = callable;
600	–	}
601	–	public T getRawResult() { return result; }
602	–	public void setRawResult(T v) { result = v; }
603	–	public boolean exec() {
604	–	try {
605	–	result = callable.call();
606	–	return true;
607	–	} catch (Error err) {
608	–	throw err;
609	–	} catch (RuntimeException rex) {
610	–	throw rex;
611	–	} catch (Exception ex) {
612	–	throw new RuntimeException(ex);
613	–	}
614	–	}
615	–	public void run() { invoke(); }
616	–	}
617	–
1605		public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) {
1606	<	ArrayList<ForkJoinTask<T>> ts =
1606	>	ArrayList<ForkJoinTask<T>> forkJoinTasks =
1607		new ArrayList<ForkJoinTask<T>>(tasks.size());
1608	<	for (Callable<T> c : tasks)
1609	<	ts.add(new AdaptedCallable<T>(c));
1610	<	invoke(new InvokeAll<T>(ts));
1611	<	return (List<Future<T>>)(List)ts;
1608	>	for (Callable<T> task : tasks)
1609	>	forkJoinTasks.add(ForkJoinTask.adapt(task));
1610	>	invoke(new InvokeAll<T>(forkJoinTasks));
1611	>
1612	>	@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
1613	>	List<Future<T>> futures = (List<Future<T>>) (List) forkJoinTasks;
1614	>	return futures;
1615		}
1616
1617		static final class InvokeAll<T> extends RecursiveAction {
1618		final ArrayList<ForkJoinTask<T>> tasks;
1619		InvokeAll(ArrayList<ForkJoinTask<T>> tasks) { this.tasks = tasks; }
1620		public void compute() {
1621	<	try { invokeAll(tasks); } catch(Exception ignore) {}
1621	>	try { invokeAll(tasks); }
1622	>	catch (Exception ignore) {}
1623		}
1624	+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -7914297376763021607L;
1625		}
1626
635	–	// Configuration and status settings and queries
636	–
1627		/**
1628	<	* Returns the factory used for constructing new workers
1628	>	* Returns the factory used for constructing new workers.
1629		*
1630		* @return the factory used for constructing new workers
1631		*/
#	Line 646 | Line 1636 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1636		/**
1637		* Returns the handler for internal worker threads that terminate
1638		* due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
649	–	* @return the handler, or null if none
650	–	*/
651	–	public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
652	–	Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler h;
653	–	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
654	–	lock.lock();
655	–	try {
656	–	h = ueh;
657	–	} finally {
658	–	lock.unlock();
659	–	}
660	–	return h;
661	–	}
662	–
663	–	/**
664	–	* Sets the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due
665	–	* to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
666	–	* Unless set, the current default or ThreadGroup handler is used
667	–	* as handler.
1639		*
1640	<	* @param h the new handler
670	<	* @return the old handler, or null if none
671	<	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
672	<	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
673	<	*         because it does not hold {@link
674	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
675	<	*/
676	<	public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler
677	<	setUncaughtExceptionHandler(Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler h) {
678	<	checkPermission();
679	<	Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler old = null;
680	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
681	<	lock.lock();
682	<	try {
683	<	old = ueh;
684	<	ueh = h;
685	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
686	<	for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
687	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = ws[i];
688	<	if (w != null)
689	<	w.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(h);
690	<	}
691	<	} finally {
692	<	lock.unlock();
693	<	}
694	<	return old;
695	<	}
696	<
697	<
698	<	/**
699	<	* Sets the target paralleism level of this pool.
700	<	* @param parallelism the target parallelism
701	<	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
702	<	* equal to zero or greater than maximum size bounds.
703	<	* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
704	<	*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
705	<	*         because it does not hold {@link
706	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
1640	>	* @return the handler, or {@code null} if none
1641		*/
1642	<	public void setParallelism(int parallelism) {
1643	<	checkPermission();
710	<	if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > maxPoolSize)
711	<	throw new IllegalArgumentException();
712	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
713	<	lock.lock();
714	<	try {
715	<	if (!isTerminating()) {
716	<	int p = this.parallelism;
717	<	this.parallelism = parallelism;
718	<	if (parallelism > p)
719	<	createAndStartAddedWorkers();
720	<	else
721	<	trimSpares();
722	<	}
723	<	} finally {
724	<	lock.unlock();
725	<	}
726	<	signalIdleWorkers();
1642	>	public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
1643	>	return ueh;
1644		}
1645
1646		/**
1647	<	* Returns the targeted number of worker threads in this pool.
1647	>	* Returns the targeted parallelism level of this pool.
1648		*
1649	<	* @return the targeted number of worker threads in this pool
1649	>	* @return the targeted parallelism level of this pool
1650		*/
1651		public int getParallelism() {
1652		return parallelism;
#	Line 737 | Line 1654 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1654
1655		/**
1656		* Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not
1657	<	* yet terminated.  This result returned by this method may differ
1658	<	* from <code>getParallelism</code> when threads are created to
1657	>	* yet terminated.  The result returned by this method may differ
1658	>	* from {@link #getParallelism} when threads are created to
1659		* maintain parallelism when others are cooperatively blocked.
1660		*
1661		* @return the number of worker threads
1662		*/
1663		public int getPoolSize() {
1664	<	return totalCountOf(workerCounts);
748	<	}
749	<
750	<	/**
751	<	* Returns the maximum number of threads allowed to exist in the
752	<	* pool, even if there are insufficient unblocked running threads.
753	<	* @return the maximum
754	<	*/
755	<	public int getMaximumPoolSize() {
756	<	return maxPoolSize;
1664	>	return parallelism + (short)(ctl >>> TC_SHIFT);
1665		}
1666
1667		/**
1668	<	* Sets the maximum number of threads allowed to exist in the
1669	<	* pool, even if there are insufficient unblocked running threads.
1670	<	* Setting this value has no effect on current pool size. It
1671	<	* controls construction of new threads.
764	<	* @throws IllegalArgumentException if negative or greater then
765	<	* internal implementation limit.
766	<	*/
767	<	public void setMaximumPoolSize(int newMax) {
768	<	if (newMax < 0 || newMax > MAX_THREADS)
769	<	throw new IllegalArgumentException();
770	<	maxPoolSize = newMax;
771	<	}
772	<
773	<
774	<	/**
775	<	* Returns true if this pool dynamically maintains its target
776	<	* parallelism level. If false, new threads are added only to
777	<	* avoid possible starvation.
778	<	* This setting is by default true;
779	<	* @return true if maintains parallelism
780	<	*/
781	<	public boolean getMaintainsParallelism() {
782	<	return maintainsParallelism;
783	<	}
784	<
785	<	/**
786	<	* Sets whether this pool dynamically maintains its target
787	<	* parallelism level. If false, new threads are added only to
788	<	* avoid possible starvation.
789	<	* @param enable true to maintains parallelism
1668	>	* Returns {@code true} if this pool uses local first-in-first-out
1669	>	* scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined.
1670	>	*
1671	>	* @return {@code true} if this pool uses async mode
1672		*/
1673	<	public void setMaintainsParallelism(boolean enable) {
1674	<	maintainsParallelism = enable;
1673	>	public boolean getAsyncMode() {
1674	>	return locallyFifo;
1675		}
1676
1677		/**
1678		* Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are
1679		* not blocked waiting to join tasks or for other managed
1680	<	* synchronization.
1680	>	* synchronization. This method may overestimate the
1681	>	* number of running threads.
1682		*
1683		* @return the number of worker threads
1684		*/
1685		public int getRunningThreadCount() {
1686	<	return runningCountOf(workerCounts);
1686	>	int r = parallelism + (int)(ctl >> AC_SHIFT);
1687	>	return r <= 0? 0 : r; // suppress momentarily negative values
1688		}
1689
1690		/**
1691		* Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently
1692		* stealing or executing tasks. This method may overestimate the
1693		* number of active threads.
1694	<	* @return the number of active threads.
1694	>	*
1695	>	* @return the number of active threads
1696		*/
1697		public int getActiveThreadCount() {
1698	<	return activeCountOf(runControl);
1699	<	}
815	<
816	<	/**
817	<	* Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently
818	<	* idle waiting for tasks. This method may underestimate the
819	<	* number of idle threads.
820	<	* @return the number of idle threads.
821	<	*/
822	<	final int getIdleThreadCount() {
823	<	int c = runningCountOf(workerCounts) - activeCountOf(runControl);
824	<	return (c <= 0)? 0 : c;
1698	>	int r = parallelism + (int)(ctl >> AC_SHIFT) + blockedCount;
1699	>	return r <= 0? 0 : r; // suppress momentarily negative values
1700		}
1701
1702		/**
1703	<	* Returns true if all worker threads are currently idle. An idle
1704	<	* worker is one that cannot obtain a task to execute because none
1705	<	* are available to steal from other threads, and there are no
1706	<	* pending submissions to the pool. This method is conservative:
1707	<	* It might not return true immediately upon idleness of all
1708	<	* threads, but will eventually become true if threads remain
1709	<	* inactive.
1710	<	* @return true if all threads are currently idle
1703	>	* Returns {@code true} if all worker threads are currently idle.
1704	>	* An idle worker is one that cannot obtain a task to execute
1705	>	* because none are available to steal from other threads, and
1706	>	* there are no pending submissions to the pool. This method is
1707	>	* conservative; it might not return {@code true} immediately upon
1708	>	* idleness of all threads, but will eventually become true if
1709	>	* threads remain inactive.
1710	>	*
1711	>	* @return {@code true} if all threads are currently idle
1712		*/
1713		public boolean isQuiescent() {
1714	<	return activeCountOf(runControl) == 0;
1714	>	return parallelism + (int)(ctl >> AC_SHIFT) + blockedCount == 0;
1715		}
1716
1717		/**
#	Line 843 | Line 1719 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1719		* one thread's work queue by another. The reported value
1720		* underestimates the actual total number of steals when the pool
1721		* is not quiescent. This value may be useful for monitoring and
1722	<	* tuning fork/join programs: In general, steal counts should be
1722	>	* tuning fork/join programs: in general, steal counts should be
1723		* high enough to keep threads busy, but low enough to avoid
1724		* overhead and contention across threads.
1725	<	* @return the number of steals.
1725	>	*
1726	>	* @return the number of steals
1727		*/
1728		public long getStealCount() {
1729	<	return stealCount.get();
853	<	}
854	<
855	<	/**
856	<	* Accumulate steal count from a worker. Call only
857	<	* when worker known to be idle.
858	<	*/
859	<	private void updateStealCount(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
860	<	int sc = w.getAndClearStealCount();
861	<	if (sc != 0)
862	<	stealCount.addAndGet(sc);
1729	>	return stealCount;
1730		}
1731
1732		/**
#	Line 869 | Line 1736 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1736		* an approximation, obtained by iterating across all threads in
1737		* the pool. This method may be useful for tuning task
1738		* granularities.
1739	<	* @return the number of queued tasks.
1739	>	*
1740	>	* @return the number of queued tasks
1741		*/
1742		public long getQueuedTaskCount() {
1743		long count = 0;
1744	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1745	<	for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
1746	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
1747	<	if (t != null)
1748	<	count += t.getQueueSize();
1744	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws;
1745	>	if ((short)(ctl >>> TC_SHIFT) > -parallelism &&
1746	>	(ws = workers) != null) {
1747	>	for (ForkJoinWorkerThread w : ws)
1748	>	if (w != null)
1749	>	count -= w.queueBase - w.queueTop; // must read base first
1750		}
1751		return count;
1752		}
1753
1754		/**
1755	<	* Returns an estimate of the number tasks submitted to this pool
1756	<	* that have not yet begun executing. This method takes time
1757	<	* proportional to the number of submissions.
1758	<	* @return the number of queued submissions.
1755	>	* Returns an estimate of the number of tasks submitted to this
1756	>	* pool that have not yet begun executing.  This method may take
1757	>	* time proportional to the number of submissions.
1758	>	*
1759	>	* @return the number of queued submissions
1760		*/
1761		public int getQueuedSubmissionCount() {
1762	<	return submissionQueue.size();
1762	>	return -queueBase + queueTop;
1763		}
1764
1765		/**
1766	<	* Returns true if there are any tasks submitted to this pool
1767	<	* that have not yet begun executing.
1768	<	* @return <code>true</code> if there are any queued submissions.
1766	>	* Returns {@code true} if there are any tasks submitted to this
1767	>	* pool that have not yet begun executing.
1768	>	*
1769	>	* @return {@code true} if there are any queued submissions
1770		*/
1771		public boolean hasQueuedSubmissions() {
1772	<	return !submissionQueue.isEmpty();
1772	>	return queueBase != queueTop;
1773		}
1774
1775		/**
1776		* Removes and returns the next unexecuted submission if one is
1777		* available.  This method may be useful in extensions to this
1778		* class that re-assign work in systems with multiple pools.
1779	<	* @return the next submission, or null if none
1779	>	*
1780	>	* @return the next submission, or {@code null} if none
1781		*/
1782		protected ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission() {
1783	<	return submissionQueue.poll();
1783	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t; ForkJoinTask<?>[] q; int b, i;
1784	>	while ((b = queueBase) != queueTop &&
1785	>	(q = submissionQueue) != null &&
1786	>	(i = (q.length - 1) & b) >= 0) {
1787	>	long u = (i << ASHIFT) + ABASE;
1788	>	if ((t = q[i]) != null &&
1789	>	queueBase == b &&
1790	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(q, u, t, null)) {
1791	>	queueBase = b + 1;
1792	>	return t;
1793	>	}
1794	>	}
1795	>	return null;
1796	>	}
1797	>
1798	>	/**
1799	>	* Removes all available unexecuted submitted and forked tasks
1800	>	* from scheduling queues and adds them to the given collection,
1801	>	* without altering their execution status. These may include
1802	>	* artificially generated or wrapped tasks. This method is
1803	>	* designed to be invoked only when the pool is known to be
1804	>	* quiescent. Invocations at other times may not remove all
1805	>	* tasks. A failure encountered while attempting to add elements
1806	>	* to collection {@code c} may result in elements being in
1807	>	* neither, either or both collections when the associated
1808	>	* exception is thrown.  The behavior of this operation is
1809	>	* undefined if the specified collection is modified while the
1810	>	* operation is in progress.
1811	>	*
1812	>	* @param c the collection to transfer elements into
1813	>	* @return the number of elements transferred
1814	>	*/
1815	>	protected int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c) {
1816	>	int count = 0;
1817	>	while (queueBase != queueTop) {
1818	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = pollSubmission();
1819	>	if (t != null) {
1820	>	c.add(t);
1821	>	++count;
1822	>	}
1823	>	}
1824	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws;
1825	>	if ((short)(ctl >>> TC_SHIFT) > -parallelism &&
1826	>	(ws = workers) != null) {
1827	>	for (ForkJoinWorkerThread w : ws)
1828	>	if (w != null)
1829	>	count += w.drainTasksTo(c);
1830	>	}
1831	>	return count;
1832		}
1833
1834		/**
#	Line 919 | Line 1839 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1839		* @return a string identifying this pool, as well as its state
1840		*/
1841		public String toString() {
922	–	int ps = parallelism;
923	–	int wc = workerCounts;
924	–	int rc = runControl;
1842		long st = getStealCount();
1843		long qt = getQueuedTaskCount();
1844		long qs = getQueuedSubmissionCount();
1845	+	int pc = parallelism;
1846	+	long c = ctl;
1847	+	int tc = pc + (short)(c >>> TC_SHIFT);
1848	+	int rc = pc + (int)(c >> AC_SHIFT);
1849	+	if (rc < 0) // ignore transient negative
1850	+	rc = 0;
1851	+	int ac = rc + blockedCount;
1852	+	String level;
1853	+	if ((c & STOP_BIT) != 0)
1854	+	level = (tc == 0)? "Terminated" : "Terminating";
1855	+	else
1856	+	level = shutdown? "Shutting down" : "Running";
1857		return super.toString() +
1858	<	"[" + runStateToString(runStateOf(rc)) +
1859	<	", parallelism = " + ps +
1860	<	", size = " + totalCountOf(wc) +
1861	<	", active = " + activeCountOf(rc) +
1862	<	", running = " + runningCountOf(wc) +
1858	>	"[" + level +
1859	>	", parallelism = " + pc +
1860	>	", size = " + tc +
1861	>	", active = " + ac +
1862	>	", running = " + rc +
1863		", steals = " + st +
1864		", tasks = " + qt +
1865		", submissions = " + qs +
1866		"]";
1867		}
1868
940	–	private static String runStateToString(int rs) {
941	–	switch(rs) {
942	–	case RUNNING: return "Running";
943	–	case SHUTDOWN: return "Shutting down";
944	–	case TERMINATING: return "Terminating";
945	–	case TERMINATED: return "Terminated";
946	–	default: throw new Error("Unknown run state");
947	–	}
948	–	}
949	–
950	–	// lifecycle control
951	–
1869		/**
1870		* Initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted
1871		* tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted.
1872		* Invocation has no additional effect if already shut down.
1873		* Tasks that are in the process of being submitted concurrently
1874		* during the course of this method may or may not be rejected.
1875	+	*
1876		* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
1877		*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
1878		*         because it does not hold {@link
1879	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
1879	>	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
1880		*/
1881		public void shutdown() {
1882		checkPermission();
1883	<	transitionRunStateTo(SHUTDOWN);
1884	<	if (canTerminateOnShutdown(runControl))
967	<	terminateOnShutdown();
1883	>	shutdown = true;
1884	>	tryTerminate(false);
1885		}
1886
1887		/**
1888	<	* Attempts to stop all actively executing tasks, and cancels all
1889	<	* waiting tasks.  Tasks that are in the process of being
1890	<	* submitted or executed concurrently during the course of this
1891	<	* method may or may not be rejected. Unlike some other executors,
1892	<	* this method cancels rather than collects non-executed tasks,
1893	<	* so always returns an empty list.
1888	>	* Attempts to cancel and/or stop all tasks, and reject all
1889	>	* subsequently submitted tasks.  Tasks that are in the process of
1890	>	* being submitted or executed concurrently during the course of
1891	>	* this method may or may not be rejected. This method cancels
1892	>	* both existing and unexecuted tasks, in order to permit
1893	>	* termination in the presence of task dependencies. So the method
1894	>	* always returns an empty list (unlike the case for some other
1895	>	* Executors).
1896	>	*
1897		* @return an empty list
1898		* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
1899		*         the caller is not permitted to modify threads
1900		*         because it does not hold {@link
1901	<	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}<code>("modifyThread")</code>,
1901	>	*         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
1902		*/
1903		public List<Runnable> shutdownNow() {
1904		checkPermission();
1905	<	terminate();
1905	>	shutdown = true;
1906	>	tryTerminate(true);
1907		return Collections.emptyList();
1908		}
1909
1910		/**
1911	<	* Returns <code>true</code> if all tasks have completed following shut down.
1911	>	* Returns {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down.
1912		*
1913	<	* @return <code>true</code> if all tasks have completed following shut down
1913	>	* @return {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down
1914		*/
1915		public boolean isTerminated() {
1916	<	return runStateOf(runControl) == TERMINATED;
1916	>	long c = ctl;
1917	>	return ((c & STOP_BIT) != 0L &&
1918	>	(short)(c >>> TC_SHIFT) == -parallelism);
1919		}
1920
1921		/**
1922	<	* Returns <code>true</code> if the process of termination has
1923	<	* commenced but possibly not yet completed.
1922	>	* Returns {@code true} if the process of termination has
1923	>	* commenced but not yet completed.  This method may be useful for
1924	>	* debugging. A return of {@code true} reported a sufficient
1925	>	* period after shutdown may indicate that submitted tasks have
1926	>	* ignored or suppressed interruption, or are waiting for IO,
1927	>	* causing this executor not to properly terminate. (See the
1928	>	* advisory notes for class {@link ForkJoinTask} stating that
1929	>	* tasks should not normally entail blocking operations.  But if
1930	>	* they do, they must abort them on interrupt.)
1931		*
1932	<	* @return <code>true</code> if terminating
1932	>	* @return {@code true} if terminating but not yet terminated
1933		*/
1934		public boolean isTerminating() {
1935	<	return runStateOf(runControl) >= TERMINATING;
1935	>	long c = ctl;
1936	>	return ((c & STOP_BIT) != 0L &&
1937	>	(short)(c >>> TC_SHIFT) != -parallelism);
1938	>	}
1939	>
1940	>	/**
1941	>	* Returns true if terminating or terminated. Used by ForkJoinWorkerThread.
1942	>	*/
1943	>	final boolean isAtLeastTerminating() {
1944	>	return (ctl & STOP_BIT) != 0L;
1945		}
1946
1947		/**
1948	<	* Returns <code>true</code> if this pool has been shut down.
1948	>	* Returns {@code true} if this pool has been shut down.
1949		*
1950	<	* @return <code>true</code> if this pool has been shut down
1950	>	* @return {@code true} if this pool has been shut down
1951		*/
1952		public boolean isShutdown() {
1953	<	return runStateOf(runControl) >= SHUTDOWN;
1953	>	return shutdown;
1954		}
1955
1956		/**
#	Line 1021 | Line 1960 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1960		*
1961		* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
1962		* @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
1963	<	* @return <code>true</code> if this executor terminated and
1964	<	*         <code>false</code> if the timeout elapsed before termination
1963	>	* @return {@code true} if this executor terminated and
1964	>	*         {@code false} if the timeout elapsed before termination
1965		* @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
1966		*/
1967		public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
1968		throws InterruptedException {
1969		long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
1970	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1970	>	final ReentrantLock lock = this.submissionLock;
1971		lock.lock();
1972		try {
1973		for (;;) {
#	Line 1043 | Line 1982 | public class ForkJoinPool extends Abstra
1982		}
1983		}
1984
1046	–	// Shutdown and termination support
1047	–
1048	–	/**
1049	–	* Callback from terminating worker. Null out the corresponding
1050	–	* workers slot, and if terminating, try to terminate, else try to
1051	–	* shrink workers array.
1052	–	* @param w the worker
1053	–	*/
1054	–	final void workerTerminated(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
1055	–	updateStealCount(w);
1056	–	updateWorkerCount(-1);
1057	–	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1058	–	lock.lock();
1059	–	try {
1060	–	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1061	–	int idx = w.poolIndex;
1062	–	if (idx >= 0 && idx < ws.length && ws[idx] == w)
1063	–	ws[idx] = null;
1064	–	if (totalCountOf(workerCounts) == 0) {
1065	–	terminate(); // no-op if already terminating
1066	–	transitionRunStateTo(TERMINATED);
1067	–	termination.signalAll();
1068	–	}
1069	–	else if (!isTerminating()) {
1070	–	tryShrinkWorkerArray();
1071	–	tryResumeSpare(true); // allow replacement
1072	–	}
1073	–	} finally {
1074	–	lock.unlock();
1075	–	}
1076	–	signalIdleWorkers();
1077	–	}
1078	–
1985		/**
1986	<	* Initiate termination.
1987	<	*/
1082	<	private void terminate() {
1083	<	if (transitionRunStateTo(TERMINATING)) {
1084	<	stopAllWorkers();
1085	<	resumeAllSpares();
1086	<	signalIdleWorkers();
1087	<	cancelQueuedSubmissions();
1088	<	cancelQueuedWorkerTasks();
1089	<	interruptUnterminatedWorkers();
1090	<	signalIdleWorkers(); // resignal after interrupt
1091	<	}
1092	<	}
1093	<
1094	<	/**
1095	<	* Possibly terminate when on shutdown state
1096	<	*/
1097	<	private void terminateOnShutdown() {
1098	<	if (!hasQueuedSubmissions() && canTerminateOnShutdown(runControl))
1099	<	terminate();
1100	<	}
1101	<
1102	<	/**
1103	<	* Clear out and cancel submissions
1104	<	*/
1105	<	private void cancelQueuedSubmissions() {
1106	<	ForkJoinTask<?> task;
1107	<	while ((task = pollSubmission()) != null)
1108	<	task.cancel(false);
1109	<	}
1110	<
1111	<	/**
1112	<	* Clean out worker queues.
1113	<	*/
1114	<	private void cancelQueuedWorkerTasks() {
1115	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1116	<	lock.lock();
1117	<	try {
1118	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1119	<	for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
1120	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
1121	<	if (t != null)
1122	<	t.cancelTasks();
1123	<	}
1124	<	} finally {
1125	<	lock.unlock();
1126	<	}
1127	<	}
1128	<
1129	<	/**
1130	<	* Set each worker's status to terminating. Requires lock to avoid
1131	<	* conflicts with add/remove
1132	<	*/
1133	<	private void stopAllWorkers() {
1134	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1135	<	lock.lock();
1136	<	try {
1137	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1138	<	for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
1139	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
1140	<	if (t != null)
1141	<	t.shutdownNow();
1142	<	}
1143	<	} finally {
1144	<	lock.unlock();
1145	<	}
1146	<	}
1147	<
1148	<	/**
1149	<	* Interrupt all unterminated workers.  This is not required for
1150	<	* sake of internal control, but may help unstick user code during
1151	<	* shutdown.
1152	<	*/
1153	<	private void interruptUnterminatedWorkers() {
1154	<	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1155	<	lock.lock();
1156	<	try {
1157	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = workers;
1158	<	for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) {
1159	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread t = ws[i];
1160	<	if (t != null && !t.isTerminated()) {
1161	<	try {
1162	<	t.interrupt();
1163	<	} catch (SecurityException ignore) {
1164	<	}
1165	<	}
1166	<	}
1167	<	} finally {
1168	<	lock.unlock();
1169	<	}
1170	<	}
1171	<
1172	<
1173	<	/*
1174	<	* Nodes for event barrier to manage idle threads.  Queue nodes
1175	<	* are basic Treiber stack nodes, also used for spare stack.
1986	>	* Interface for extending managed parallelism for tasks running
1987	>	* in {@link ForkJoinPool}s.
1988		*
1989	<	* The event barrier has an event count and a wait queue (actually
1990	<	* a Treiber stack).  Workers are enabled to look for work when
1991	<	* the eventCount is incremented. If they fail to find work, they
1992	<	* may wait for next count. Upon release, threads help others wake
1993	<	* up.
1994	<	*
1995	<	* Synchronization events occur only in enough contexts to
1996	<	* maintain overall liveness:
1997	<	*
1998	<	*   - Submission of a new task to the pool
1999	<	*   - Resizes or other changes to the workers array
2000	<	*   - pool termination
2001	<	*   - A worker pushing a task on an empty queue
1190	<	*
1191	<	* The case of pushing a task occurs often enough, and is heavy
1192	<	* enough compared to simple stack pushes, to require special
1193	<	* handling: Method signalWork returns without advancing count if
1194	<	* the queue appears to be empty.  This would ordinarily result in
1195	<	* races causing some queued waiters not to be woken up. To avoid
1196	<	* this, the first worker enqueued in method sync (see
1197	<	* syncIsReleasable) rescans for tasks after being enqueued, and
1198	<	* helps signal if any are found. This works well because the
1199	<	* worker has nothing better to do, and so might as well help
1200	<	* alleviate the overhead and contention on the threads actually
1201	<	* doing work.  Also, since event counts increments on task
1202	<	* availability exist to maintain liveness (rather than to force
1203	<	* refreshes etc), it is OK for callers to exit early if
1204	<	* contending with another signaller.
1205	<	*/
1206	<	static final class WaitQueueNode {
1207	<	WaitQueueNode next; // only written before enqueued
1208	<	volatile ForkJoinWorkerThread thread; // nulled to cancel wait
1209	<	final long count; // unused for spare stack
1210	<
1211	<	WaitQueueNode(long c, ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
1212	<	count = c;
1213	<	thread = w;
1214	<	}
1215	<
1216	<	/**
1217	<	* Wake up waiter, returning false if known to already
1218	<	*/
1219	<	boolean signal() {
1220	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread t = thread;
1221	<	if (t == null)
1222	<	return false;
1223	<	thread = null;
1224	<	LockSupport.unpark(t);
1225	<	return true;
1226	<	}
1227	<
1228	<	/**
1229	<	* Await release on sync
1230	<	*/
1231	<	void awaitSyncRelease(ForkJoinPool p) {
1232	<	while (thread != null && !p.syncIsReleasable(this))
1233	<	LockSupport.park(this);
1234	<	}
1235	<
1236	<	/**
1237	<	* Await resumption as spare
1238	<	*/
1239	<	void awaitSpareRelease() {
1240	<	while (thread != null) {
1241	<	if (!Thread.interrupted())
1242	<	LockSupport.park(this);
1243	<	}
1244	<	}
1245	<	}
1246	<
1247	<	/**
1248	<	* Ensures that no thread is waiting for count to advance from the
1249	<	* current value of eventCount read on entry to this method, by
1250	<	* releasing waiting threads if necessary.
1251	<	* @return the count
1252	<	*/
1253	<	final long ensureSync() {
1254	<	long c = eventCount;
1255	<	WaitQueueNode q;
1256	<	while ((q = syncStack) != null && q.count < c) {
1257	<	if (casBarrierStack(q, null)) {
1258	<	do {
1259	<	q.signal();
1260	<	} while ((q = q.next) != null);
1261	<	break;
1262	<	}
1263	<	}
1264	<	return c;
1265	<	}
1266	<
1267	<	/**
1268	<	* Increments event count and releases waiting threads.
1269	<	*/
1270	<	private void signalIdleWorkers() {
1271	<	long c;
1272	<	do;while (!casEventCount(c = eventCount, c+1));
1273	<	ensureSync();
1274	<	}
1275	<
1276	<	/**
1277	<	* Signal threads waiting to poll a task. Because method sync
1278	<	* rechecks availability, it is OK to only proceed if queue
1279	<	* appears to be non-empty, and OK to skip under contention to
1280	<	* increment count (since some other thread succeeded).
1281	<	*/
1282	<	final void signalWork() {
1283	<	long c;
1284	<	WaitQueueNode q;
1285	<	if (syncStack != null &&
1286	<	casEventCount(c = eventCount, c+1) &&
1287	<	(((q = syncStack) != null && q.count <= c) &&
1288	<	(!casBarrierStack(q, q.next) || !q.signal())))
1289	<	ensureSync();
1290	<	}
1291	<
1292	<	/**
1293	<	* Waits until event count advances from last value held by
1294	<	* caller, or if excess threads, caller is resumed as spare, or
1295	<	* caller or pool is terminating. Updates caller's event on exit.
1296	<	* @param w the calling worker thread
1297	<	*/
1298	<	final void sync(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
1299	<	updateStealCount(w); // Transfer w's count while it is idle
1300	<
1301	<	while (!w.isShutdown() && !isTerminating() && !suspendIfSpare(w)) {
1302	<	long prev = w.lastEventCount;
1303	<	WaitQueueNode node = null;
1304	<	WaitQueueNode h;
1305	<	while (eventCount == prev &&
1306	<	((h = syncStack) == null || h.count == prev)) {
1307	<	if (node == null)
1308	<	node = new WaitQueueNode(prev, w);
1309	<	if (casBarrierStack(node.next = h, node)) {
1310	<	node.awaitSyncRelease(this);
1311	<	break;
1312	<	}
1313	<	}
1314	<	long ec = ensureSync();
1315	<	if (ec != prev) {
1316	<	w.lastEventCount = ec;
1317	<	break;
1318	<	}
1319	<	}
1320	<	}
1321	<
1322	<	/**
1323	<	* Returns true if worker waiting on sync can proceed:
1324	<	*  - on signal (thread == null)
1325	<	*  - on event count advance (winning race to notify vs signaller)
1326	<	*  - on Interrupt
1327	<	*  - if the first queued node, we find work available
1328	<	* If node was not signalled and event count not advanced on exit,
1329	<	* then we also help advance event count.
1330	<	* @return true if node can be released
1331	<	*/
1332	<	final boolean syncIsReleasable(WaitQueueNode node) {
1333	<	long prev = node.count;
1334	<	if (!Thread.interrupted() && node.thread != null &&
1335	<	(node.next != null ||
1336	<	!ForkJoinWorkerThread.hasQueuedTasks(workers)) &&
1337	<	eventCount == prev)
1338	<	return false;
1339	<	if (node.thread != null) {
1340	<	node.thread = null;
1341	<	long ec = eventCount;
1342	<	if (prev <= ec) // help signal
1343	<	casEventCount(ec, ec+1);
1344	<	}
1345	<	return true;
1346	<	}
1347	<
1348	<	/**
1349	<	* Returns true if a new sync event occurred since last call to
1350	<	* sync or this method, if so, updating caller's count.
1351	<	*/
1352	<	final boolean hasNewSyncEvent(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
1353	<	long lc = w.lastEventCount;
1354	<	long ec = ensureSync();
1355	<	if (ec == lc)
1356	<	return false;
1357	<	w.lastEventCount = ec;
1358	<	return true;
1359	<	}
1360	<
1361	<	//  Parallelism maintenance
1362	<
1363	<	/**
1364	<	* Decrement running count; if too low, add spare.
1989	>	* <p>A {@code ManagedBlocker} provides two methods.  Method
1990	>	* {@code isReleasable} must return {@code true} if blocking is
1991	>	* not necessary. Method {@code block} blocks the current thread
1992	>	* if necessary (perhaps internally invoking {@code isReleasable}
1993	>	* before actually blocking). These actions are performed by any
1994	>	* thread invoking {@link ForkJoinPool#managedBlock}.  The
1995	>	* unusual methods in this API accommodate synchronizers that may,
1996	>	* but don't usually, block for long periods. Similarly, they
1997	>	* allow more efficient internal handling of cases in which
1998	>	* additional workers may be, but usually are not, needed to
1999	>	* ensure sufficient parallelism.  Toward this end,
2000	>	* implementations of method {@code isReleasable} must be amenable
2001	>	* to repeated invocation.
2002		*
1366	–	* Conceptually, all we need to do here is add or resume a
1367	–	* spare thread when one is about to block (and remove or
1368	–	* suspend it later when unblocked -- see suspendIfSpare).
1369	–	* However, implementing this idea requires coping with
1370	–	* several problems: We have imperfect information about the
1371	–	* states of threads. Some count updates can and usually do
1372	–	* lag run state changes, despite arrangements to keep them
1373	–	* accurate (for example, when possible, updating counts
1374	–	* before signalling or resuming), especially when running on
1375	–	* dynamic JVMs that don't optimize the infrequent paths that
1376	–	* update counts. Generating too many threads can make these
1377	–	* problems become worse, because excess threads are more
1378	–	* likely to be context-switched with others, slowing them all
1379	–	* down, especially if there is no work available, so all are
1380	–	* busy scanning or idling.  Also, excess spare threads can
1381	–	* only be suspended or removed when they are idle, not
1382	–	* immediately when they aren't needed. So adding threads will
1383	–	* raise parallelism level for longer than necessary.  Also,
1384	–	* FJ applications often enounter highly transient peaks when
1385	–	* many threads are blocked joining, but for less time than it
1386	–	* takes to create or resume spares.
1387	–	*
1388	–	* @param joinMe if non-null, return early if done
1389	–	* @param maintainParallelism if true, try to stay within
1390	–	* target counts, else create only to avoid starvation
1391	–	* @return true if joinMe known to be done
1392	–	*/
1393	–	final boolean preJoin(ForkJoinTask<?> joinMe, boolean maintainParallelism) {
1394	–	maintainParallelism &= maintainsParallelism; // overrride
1395	–	boolean dec = false;  // true when running count decremented
1396	–	while (spareStack == null || !tryResumeSpare(dec)) {
1397	–	int counts = workerCounts;
1398	–	if (dec || (dec = casWorkerCounts(counts, --counts))) { // CAS cheat
1399	–	if (!needSpare(counts, maintainParallelism))
1400	–	break;
1401	–	if (joinMe.status < 0)
1402	–	return true;
1403	–	if (tryAddSpare(counts))
1404	–	break;
1405	–	}
1406	–	}
1407	–	return false;
1408	–	}
1409	–
1410	–	/**
1411	–	* Same idea as preJoin
1412	–	*/
1413	–	final boolean preBlock(ManagedBlocker blocker, boolean maintainParallelism){
1414	–	maintainParallelism &= maintainsParallelism;
1415	–	boolean dec = false;
1416	–	while (spareStack == null || !tryResumeSpare(dec)) {
1417	–	int counts = workerCounts;
1418	–	if (dec || (dec = casWorkerCounts(counts, --counts))) {
1419	–	if (!needSpare(counts, maintainParallelism))
1420	–	break;
1421	–	if (blocker.isReleasable())
1422	–	return true;
1423	–	if (tryAddSpare(counts))
1424	–	break;
1425	–	}
1426	–	}
1427	–	return false;
1428	–	}
1429	–
1430	–	/**
1431	–	* Returns true if a spare thread appears to be needed.  If
1432	–	* maintaining parallelism, returns true when the deficit in
1433	–	* running threads is more than the surplus of total threads, and
1434	–	* there is apparently some work to do.  This self-limiting rule
1435	–	* means that the more threads that have already been added, the
1436	–	* less parallelism we will tolerate before adding another.
1437	–	* @param counts current worker counts
1438	–	* @param maintainParallelism try to maintain parallelism
1439	–	*/
1440	–	private boolean needSpare(int counts, boolean maintainParallelism) {
1441	–	int ps = parallelism;
1442	–	int rc = runningCountOf(counts);
1443	–	int tc = totalCountOf(counts);
1444	–	int runningDeficit = ps - rc;
1445	–	int totalSurplus = tc - ps;
1446	–	return (tc < maxPoolSize &&
1447	–	(rc == 0 || totalSurplus < 0 ||
1448	–	(maintainParallelism &&
1449	–	runningDeficit > totalSurplus &&
1450	–	ForkJoinWorkerThread.hasQueuedTasks(workers))));
1451	–	}
1452	–
1453	–	/**
1454	–	* Add a spare worker if lock available and no more than the
1455	–	* expected numbers of threads exist
1456	–	* @return true if successful
1457	–	*/
1458	–	private boolean tryAddSpare(int expectedCounts) {
1459	–	final ReentrantLock lock = this.workerLock;
1460	–	int expectedRunning = runningCountOf(expectedCounts);
1461	–	int expectedTotal = totalCountOf(expectedCounts);
1462	–	boolean success = false;
1463	–	boolean locked = false;
1464	–	// confirm counts while locking; CAS after obtaining lock
1465	–	try {
1466	–	for (;;) {
1467	–	int s = workerCounts;
1468	–	int tc = totalCountOf(s);
1469	–	int rc = runningCountOf(s);
1470	–	if (rc > expectedRunning || tc > expectedTotal)
1471	–	break;
1472	–	if (!locked && !(locked = lock.tryLock()))
1473	–	break;
1474	–	if (casWorkerCounts(s, workerCountsFor(tc+1, rc+1))) {
1475	–	createAndStartSpare(tc);
1476	–	success = true;
1477	–	break;
1478	–	}
1479	–	}
1480	–	} finally {
1481	–	if (locked)
1482	–	lock.unlock();
1483	–	}
1484	–	return success;
1485	–	}
1486	–
1487	–	/**
1488	–	* Add the kth spare worker. On entry, pool coounts are already
1489	–	* adjusted to reflect addition.
1490	–	*/
1491	–	private void createAndStartSpare(int k) {
1492	–	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = null;
1493	–	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = ensureWorkerArrayCapacity(k + 1);
1494	–	int len = ws.length;
1495	–	// Probably, we can place at slot k. If not, find empty slot
1496	–	if (k < len && ws[k] != null) {
1497	–	for (k = 0; k < len && ws[k] != null; ++k)
1498	–	;
1499	–	}
1500	–	if (k < len && !isTerminating() && (w = createWorker(k)) != null) {
1501	–	ws[k] = w;
1502	–	w.start();
1503	–	}
1504	–	else
1505	–	updateWorkerCount(-1); // adjust on failure
1506	–	signalIdleWorkers();
1507	–	}
1508	–
1509	–	/**
1510	–	* Suspend calling thread w if there are excess threads.  Called
1511	–	* only from sync.  Spares are enqueued in a Treiber stack
1512	–	* using the same WaitQueueNodes as barriers.  They are resumed
1513	–	* mainly in preJoin, but are also woken on pool events that
1514	–	* require all threads to check run state.
1515	–	* @param w the caller
1516	–	*/
1517	–	private boolean suspendIfSpare(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
1518	–	WaitQueueNode node = null;
1519	–	int s;
1520	–	while (parallelism < runningCountOf(s = workerCounts)) {
1521	–	if (node == null)
1522	–	node = new WaitQueueNode(0, w);
1523	–	if (casWorkerCounts(s, s-1)) { // representation-dependent
1524	–	// push onto stack
1525	–	do;while (!casSpareStack(node.next = spareStack, node));
1526	–	// block until released by resumeSpare
1527	–	node.awaitSpareRelease();
1528	–	return true;
1529	–	}
1530	–	}
1531	–	return false;
1532	–	}
1533	–
1534	–	/**
1535	–	* Try to pop and resume a spare thread.
1536	–	* @param updateCount if true, increment running count on success
1537	–	* @return true if successful
1538	–	*/
1539	–	private boolean tryResumeSpare(boolean updateCount) {
1540	–	WaitQueueNode q;
1541	–	while ((q = spareStack) != null) {
1542	–	if (casSpareStack(q, q.next)) {
1543	–	if (updateCount)
1544	–	updateRunningCount(1);
1545	–	q.signal();
1546	–	return true;
1547	–	}
1548	–	}
1549	–	return false;
1550	–	}
1551	–
1552	–	/**
1553	–	* Pop and resume all spare threads. Same idea as ensureSync.
1554	–	* @return true if any spares released
1555	–	*/
1556	–	private boolean resumeAllSpares() {
1557	–	WaitQueueNode q;
1558	–	while ( (q = spareStack) != null) {
1559	–	if (casSpareStack(q, null)) {
1560	–	do {
1561	–	updateRunningCount(1);
1562	–	q.signal();
1563	–	} while ((q = q.next) != null);
1564	–	return true;
1565	–	}
1566	–	}
1567	–	return false;
1568	–	}
1569	–
1570	–	/**
1571	–	* Pop and shutdown excessive spare threads. Call only while
1572	–	* holding lock. This is not guaranteed to eliminate all excess
1573	–	* threads, only those suspended as spares, which are the ones
1574	–	* unlikely to be needed in the future.
1575	–	*/
1576	–	private void trimSpares() {
1577	–	int surplus = totalCountOf(workerCounts) - parallelism;
1578	–	WaitQueueNode q;
1579	–	while (surplus > 0 && (q = spareStack) != null) {
1580	–	if (casSpareStack(q, null)) {
1581	–	do {
1582	–	updateRunningCount(1);
1583	–	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = q.thread;
1584	–	if (w != null && surplus > 0 &&
1585	–	runningCountOf(workerCounts) > 0 && w.shutdown())
1586	–	--surplus;
1587	–	q.signal();
1588	–	} while ((q = q.next) != null);
1589	–	}
1590	–	}
1591	–	}
1592	–
1593	–	/**
1594	–	* Interface for extending managed parallelism for tasks running
1595	–	* in ForkJoinPools. A ManagedBlocker provides two methods.
1596	–	* Method <code>isReleasable</code> must return true if blocking is not
1597	–	* necessary. Method <code>block</code> blocks the current thread
1598	–	* if necessary (perhaps internally invoking isReleasable before
1599	–	* actually blocking.).
2003		* <p>For example, here is a ManagedBlocker based on a
2004		* ReentrantLock:
2005	<	* <pre>
2006	<	*   class ManagedLocker implements ManagedBlocker {
2007	<	*     final ReentrantLock lock;
2008	<	*     boolean hasLock = false;
2009	<	*     ManagedLocker(ReentrantLock lock) { this.lock = lock; }
2010	<	*     public boolean block() {
2011	<	*        if (!hasLock)
2012	<	*           lock.lock();
2013	<	*        return true;
1611	<	*     }
1612	<	*     public boolean isReleasable() {
1613	<	*        return hasLock || (hasLock = lock.tryLock());
1614	<	*     }
2005	>	*  <pre> {@code
2006	>	* class ManagedLocker implements ManagedBlocker {
2007	>	*   final ReentrantLock lock;
2008	>	*   boolean hasLock = false;
2009	>	*   ManagedLocker(ReentrantLock lock) { this.lock = lock; }
2010	>	*   public boolean block() {
2011	>	*     if (!hasLock)
2012	>	*       lock.lock();
2013	>	*     return true;
2014		*   }
2015	<	* </pre>
2015	>	*   public boolean isReleasable() {
2016	>	*     return hasLock || (hasLock = lock.tryLock());
2017	>	*   }
2018	>	* }}</pre>
2019	>	*
2020	>	* <p>Here is a class that possibly blocks waiting for an
2021	>	* item on a given queue:
2022	>	*  <pre> {@code
2023	>	* class QueueTaker<E> implements ManagedBlocker {
2024	>	*   final BlockingQueue<E> queue;
2025	>	*   volatile E item = null;
2026	>	*   QueueTaker(BlockingQueue<E> q) { this.queue = q; }
2027	>	*   public boolean block() throws InterruptedException {
2028	>	*     if (item == null)
2029	>	*       item = queue.take();
2030	>	*     return true;
2031	>	*   }
2032	>	*   public boolean isReleasable() {
2033	>	*     return item != null || (item = queue.poll()) != null;
2034	>	*   }
2035	>	*   public E getItem() { // call after pool.managedBlock completes
2036	>	*     return item;
2037	>	*   }
2038	>	* }}</pre>
2039		*/
2040		public static interface ManagedBlocker {
2041		/**
2042		* Possibly blocks the current thread, for example waiting for
2043		* a lock or condition.
2044	<	* @return true if no additional blocking is necessary (i.e.,
2045	<	* if isReleasable would return true).
2044	>	*
2045	>	* @return {@code true} if no additional blocking is necessary
2046	>	* (i.e., if isReleasable would return true)
2047		* @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
2048	<	* (the method is not required to do so, but is allowe to).
2048	>	* (the method is not required to do so, but is allowed to)
2049		*/
2050		boolean block() throws InterruptedException;
2051
2052		/**
2053	<	* Returns true if blocking is unnecessary.
2053	>	* Returns {@code true} if blocking is unnecessary.
2054		*/
2055		boolean isReleasable();
2056		}
2057
2058		/**
2059		* Blocks in accord with the given blocker.  If the current thread
2060	<	* is a ForkJoinWorkerThread, this method possibly arranges for a
2061	<	* spare thread to be activated if necessary to ensure parallelism
2062	<	* while the current thread is blocked.  If
2063	<	* <code>maintainParallelism</code> is true and the pool supports
2064	<	* it ({@link #getMaintainsParallelism}), this method attempts to
2065	<	* maintain the pool's nominal parallelism. Otherwise if activates
2066	<	* a thread only if necessary to avoid complete starvation. This
2067	<	* option may be preferable when blockages use timeouts, or are
2068	<	* almost always brief.
2069	<	*
2070	<	* <p> If the caller is not a ForkJoinTask, this method is behaviorally
2071	<	* equivalent to
2072	<	* <pre>
2073	<	*   while (!blocker.isReleasable())
1651	<	*      if (blocker.block())
1652	<	*         return;
1653	<	* </pre>
1654	<	* If the caller is a ForkJoinTask, then the pool may first
1655	<	* be expanded to ensure parallelism, and later adjusted.
2060	>	* is a {@link ForkJoinWorkerThread}, this method possibly
2061	>	* arranges for a spare thread to be activated if necessary to
2062	>	* ensure sufficient parallelism while the current thread is blocked.
2063	>	*
2064	>	* <p>If the caller is not a {@link ForkJoinTask}, this method is
2065	>	* behaviorally equivalent to
2066	>	*  <pre> {@code
2067	>	* while (!blocker.isReleasable())
2068	>	*   if (blocker.block())
2069	>	*     return;
2070	>	* }</pre>
2071	>	*
2072	>	* If the caller is a {@code ForkJoinTask}, then the pool may
2073	>	* first be expanded to ensure parallelism, and later adjusted.
2074		*
2075		* @param blocker the blocker
2076	<	* @param maintainParallelism if true and supported by this pool,
1659	<	* attempt to maintain the pool's nominal parallelism; otherwise
1660	<	* activate a thread only if necessary to avoid complete
1661	<	* starvation.
1662	<	* @throws InterruptedException if blocker.block did so.
2076	>	* @throws InterruptedException if blocker.block did so
2077		*/
2078	<	public static void managedBlock(ManagedBlocker blocker,
1665	<	boolean maintainParallelism)
2078	>	public static void managedBlock(ManagedBlocker blocker)
2079		throws InterruptedException {
2080		Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
2081	<	ForkJoinPool pool = (t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread?
2082	<	((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool : null);
2083	<	if (!blocker.isReleasable()) {
2084	<	try {
2085	<	if (pool == null ||
2086	<	!pool.preBlock(blocker, maintainParallelism))
1674	<	awaitBlocker(blocker);
1675	<	} finally {
1676	<	if (pool != null)
1677	<	pool.updateRunningCount(1);
1678	<	}
2081	>	if (t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) {
2082	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = (ForkJoinWorkerThread) t;
2083	>	w.pool.awaitBlocker(blocker);
2084	>	}
2085	>	else {
2086	>	do {} while (!blocker.isReleasable() && !blocker.block());
2087		}
2088		}
2089
2090	<	private static void awaitBlocker(ManagedBlocker blocker)
2091	<	throws InterruptedException {
2092	<	do;while (!blocker.isReleasable() && !blocker.block());
1685	<	}
1686	<
1687	<	// AbstractExecutorService overrides
2090	>	// AbstractExecutorService overrides.  These rely on undocumented
2091	>	// fact that ForkJoinTask.adapt returns ForkJoinTasks that also
2092	>	// implement RunnableFuture.
2093
2094		protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Runnable runnable, T value) {
2095	<	return new AdaptedRunnable(runnable, value);
2095	>	return (RunnableFuture<T>) ForkJoinTask.adapt(runnable, value);
2096		}
2097
2098		protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Callable<T> callable) {
2099	<	return new AdaptedCallable(callable);
2099	>	return (RunnableFuture<T>) ForkJoinTask.adapt(callable);
2100		}
2101
2102	+	// Unsafe mechanics
2103	+	private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
2104	+	private static final long ctlOffset;
2105	+	private static final long stealCountOffset;
2106	+	private static final long blockedCountOffset;
2107	+	private static final long quiescerCountOffset;
2108	+	private static final long scanGuardOffset;
2109	+	private static final long nextWorkerNumberOffset;
2110	+	private static final long ABASE;
2111	+	private static final int ASHIFT;
2112
2113	<	// Temporary Unsafe mechanics for preliminary release
2114	<	private static Unsafe getUnsafe() throws Throwable {
2113	>	static {
2114	>	poolNumberGenerator = new AtomicInteger();
2115	>	workerSeedGenerator = new Random();
2116	>	modifyThreadPermission = new RuntimePermission("modifyThread");
2117	>	defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory =
2118	>	new DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory();
2119	>	int s;
2120		try {
2121	<	return Unsafe.getUnsafe();
2121	>	UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
2122	>	Class k = ForkJoinPool.class;
2123	>	ctlOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
2124	>	(k.getDeclaredField("ctl"));
2125	>	stealCountOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
2126	>	(k.getDeclaredField("stealCount"));
2127	>	blockedCountOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
2128	>	(k.getDeclaredField("blockedCount"));
2129	>	quiescerCountOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
2130	>	(k.getDeclaredField("quiescerCount"));
2131	>	scanGuardOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
2132	>	(k.getDeclaredField("scanGuard"));
2133	>	nextWorkerNumberOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
2134	>	(k.getDeclaredField("nextWorkerNumber"));
2135	>	Class a = ForkJoinTask[].class;
2136	>	ABASE = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(a);
2137	>	s = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(a);
2138	>	} catch (Exception e) {
2139	>	throw new Error(e);
2140	>	}
2141	>	if ((s & (s-1)) != 0)
2142	>	throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
2143	>	ASHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(s);
2144	>	}
2145	>
2146	>	/**
2147	>	* Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe.  Suitable for use in a 3rd party package.
2148	>	* Replace with a simple call to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating
2149	>	* into a jdk.
2150	>	*
2151	>	* @return a sun.misc.Unsafe
2152	>	*/
2153	>	private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() {
2154	>	try {
2155	>	return sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
2156		} catch (SecurityException se) {
2157		try {
2158		return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
2159	<	(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction<Unsafe>() {
2160	<	public Unsafe run() throws Exception {
2161	<	return getUnsafePrivileged();
2159	>	(new java.security
2160	>	.PrivilegedExceptionAction<sun.misc.Unsafe>() {
2161	>	public sun.misc.Unsafe run() throws Exception {
2162	>	java.lang.reflect.Field f = sun.misc
2163	>	.Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
2164	>	f.setAccessible(true);
2165	>	return (sun.misc.Unsafe) f.get(null);
2166		}});
2167		} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) {
2168	<	throw e.getCause();
2168	>	throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics",
2169	>	e.getCause());
2170		}
2171		}
2172		}
1714	–
1715	–	private static Unsafe getUnsafePrivileged()
1716	–	throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
1717	–	Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
1718	–	f.setAccessible(true);
1719	–	return (Unsafe) f.get(null);
1720	–	}
1721	–
1722	–	private static long fieldOffset(String fieldName)
1723	–	throws NoSuchFieldException {
1724	–	return _unsafe.objectFieldOffset
1725	–	(ForkJoinPool.class.getDeclaredField(fieldName));
1726	–	}
1727	–
1728	–	static final Unsafe _unsafe;
1729	–	static final long eventCountOffset;
1730	–	static final long workerCountsOffset;
1731	–	static final long runControlOffset;
1732	–	static final long syncStackOffset;
1733	–	static final long spareStackOffset;
1734	–
1735	–	static {
1736	–	try {
1737	–	_unsafe = getUnsafe();
1738	–	eventCountOffset = fieldOffset("eventCount");
1739	–	workerCountsOffset = fieldOffset("workerCounts");
1740	–	runControlOffset = fieldOffset("runControl");
1741	–	syncStackOffset = fieldOffset("syncStack");
1742	–	spareStackOffset = fieldOffset("spareStack");
1743	–	} catch (Throwable e) {
1744	–	throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics", e);
1745	–	}
1746	–	}
1747	–
1748	–	private boolean casEventCount(long cmp, long val) {
1749	–	return _unsafe.compareAndSwapLong(this, eventCountOffset, cmp, val);
1750	–	}
1751	–	private boolean casWorkerCounts(int cmp, int val) {
1752	–	return _unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, workerCountsOffset, cmp, val);
1753	–	}
1754	–	private boolean casRunControl(int cmp, int val) {
1755	–	return _unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, runControlOffset, cmp, val);
1756	–	}
1757	–	private boolean casSpareStack(WaitQueueNode cmp, WaitQueueNode val) {
1758	–	return _unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(this, spareStackOffset, cmp, val);
1759	–	}
1760	–	private boolean casBarrierStack(WaitQueueNode cmp, WaitQueueNode val) {
1761	–	return _unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(this, syncStackOffset, cmp, val);
1762	–	}
2173		}

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