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/* |
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* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 |
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* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at |
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* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain |
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*/ |
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|
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package jsr166y; |
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import java.io.Serializable; |
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import java.util.*; |
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import java.util.concurrent.*; |
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import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; |
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import sun.misc.Unsafe; |
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import java.lang.reflect.*; |
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|
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/** |
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* Abstract base class for tasks that run within a {@link |
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* ForkJoinPool}. A ForkJoinTask is a thread-like entity that is much |
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* lighter weight than a normal thread. Huge numbers of tasks and |
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* subtasks may be hosted by a small number of actual threads in a |
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* ForkJoinPool, at the price of some usage limitations. |
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* |
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* <p> A "main" ForkJoinTask begins execution when submitted to a |
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* {@link ForkJoinPool}. Once started, it will usually in turn start |
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* other subtasks. As indicated by the name of this class, many |
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* programs using ForkJoinTasks employ only methods {@code fork} |
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* and {@code join}, or derivatives such as |
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* {@code invokeAll}. However, this class also provides a number |
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* of other methods that can come into play in advanced usages, as |
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* well as extension mechanics that allow support of new forms of |
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* fork/join processing. |
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* |
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* <p>A ForkJoinTask is a lightweight form of {@link Future}. The |
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* efficiency of ForkJoinTasks stems from a set of restrictions (that |
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* are only partially statically enforceable) reflecting their |
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* intended use as computational tasks calculating pure functions or |
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* operating on purely isolated objects. The primary coordination |
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* mechanisms are {@link #fork}, that arranges asynchronous execution, |
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* and {@link #join}, that doesn't proceed until the task's result has |
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* been computed. Computations should avoid {@code synchronized} |
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* methods or blocks, and should minimize other blocking |
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* synchronization apart from joining other tasks or using |
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* synchronizers such as Phasers that are advertised to cooperate with |
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* fork/join scheduling. Tasks should also not perform blocking IO, |
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* and should ideally access variables that are completely independent |
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* of those accessed by other running tasks. Minor breaches of these |
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* restrictions, for example using shared output streams, may be |
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* tolerable in practice, but frequent use may result in poor |
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* performance, and the potential to indefinitely stall if the number |
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* of threads not waiting for IO or other external synchronization |
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* becomes exhausted. This usage restriction is in part enforced by |
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* not permitting checked exceptions such as {@code IOExceptions} |
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* to be thrown. However, computations may still encounter unchecked |
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* exceptions, that are rethrown to callers attempting join |
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* them. These exceptions may additionally include |
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* RejectedExecutionExceptions stemming from internal resource |
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* exhaustion such as failure to allocate internal task queues. |
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* |
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* <p>The primary method for awaiting completion and extracting |
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* results of a task is {@link #join}, but there are several variants: |
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* The {@link Future#get} methods support interruptible and/or timed |
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* waits for completion and report results using {@code Future} |
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* conventions. Method {@link #helpJoin} enables callers to actively |
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* execute other tasks while awaiting joins, which is sometimes more |
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* efficient but only applies when all subtasks are known to be |
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* strictly tree-structured. Method {@link #invoke} is semantically |
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* equivalent to {@code fork(); join()} but always attempts to |
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* begin execution in the current thread. The "<em>quiet</em>" forms |
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* of these methods do not extract results or report exceptions. These |
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* may be useful when a set of tasks are being executed, and you need |
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* to delay processing of results or exceptions until all complete. |
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* Method {@code invokeAll} (available in multiple versions) |
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* performs the most common form of parallel invocation: forking a set |
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* of tasks and joining them all. |
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* |
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* <p> The ForkJoinTask class is not usually directly subclassed. |
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* Instead, you subclass one of the abstract classes that support a |
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* particular style of fork/join processing. Normally, a concrete |
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* ForkJoinTask subclass declares fields comprising its parameters, |
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* established in a constructor, and then defines a {@code compute} |
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* method that somehow uses the control methods supplied by this base |
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* class. While these methods have {@code public} access (to allow |
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* instances of different task subclasses to call each others |
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* methods), some of them may only be called from within other |
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* ForkJoinTasks (as may be determined using method {@link |
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* #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke them in other contexts |
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* result in exceptions or errors possibly including |
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* ClassCastException. |
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* |
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* <p>Most base support methods are {@code final} because their |
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* implementations are intrinsically tied to the underlying |
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* lightweight task scheduling framework, and so cannot be overridden. |
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* Developers creating new basic styles of fork/join processing should |
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* minimally implement {@code protected} methods |
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* {@code exec}, {@code setRawResult}, and |
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* {@code getRawResult}, while also introducing an abstract |
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* computational method that can be implemented in its subclasses, |
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* possibly relying on other {@code protected} methods provided |
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* by this class. |
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* |
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* <p>ForkJoinTasks should perform relatively small amounts of |
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* computations, otherwise splitting into smaller tasks. As a very |
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* rough rule of thumb, a task should perform more than 100 and less |
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* than 10000 basic computational steps. If tasks are too big, then |
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* parallelism cannot improve throughput. If too small, then memory |
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* and internal task maintenance overhead may overwhelm processing. |
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* |
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* <p>ForkJoinTasks are {@code Serializable}, which enables them |
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* to be used in extensions such as remote execution frameworks. It is |
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* in general sensible to serialize tasks only before or after, but |
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* not during execution. Serialization is not relied on during |
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* execution itself. |
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* |
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* @since 1.7 |
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* @author Doug Lea |
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*/ |
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public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> implements Future<V>, Serializable { |
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|
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/** |
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* Run control status bits packed into a single int to minimize |
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* footprint and to ensure atomicity (via CAS). Status is |
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* initially zero, and takes on nonnegative values until |
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* completed, upon which status holds COMPLETED. CANCELLED, or |
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* EXCEPTIONAL, which use the top 3 bits. Tasks undergoing |
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* blocking waits by other threads have SIGNAL_MASK bits set -- |
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* bit 15 for external (nonFJ) waits, and the rest a count of |
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* waiting FJ threads. (This representation relies on |
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* ForkJoinPool max thread limits). Completion of a stolen task |
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* with SIGNAL_MASK bits set awakens waiter via notifyAll. Even |
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* though suboptimal for some purposes, we use basic builtin |
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* wait/notify to take advantage of "monitor inflation" in JVMs |
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* that we would otherwise need to emulate to avoid adding further |
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* per-task bookkeeping overhead. Note that bits 16-28 are |
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* currently unused. Also value 0x80000000 is available as spare |
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* completion value. |
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*/ |
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volatile int status; // accessed directly by pool and workers |
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|
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static final int COMPLETION_MASK = 0xe0000000; |
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static final int NORMAL = 0xe0000000; // == mask |
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static final int CANCELLED = 0xc0000000; |
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static final int EXCEPTIONAL = 0xa0000000; |
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static final int SIGNAL_MASK = 0x0000ffff; |
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static final int INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK = 0x00007fff; |
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static final int EXTERNAL_SIGNAL = 0x00008000; // top bit of low word |
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|
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/** |
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* Table of exceptions thrown by tasks, to enable reporting by |
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* callers. Because exceptions are rare, we don't directly keep |
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* them with task objects, but instead use a weak ref table. Note |
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* that cancellation exceptions don't appear in the table, but are |
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* instead recorded as status values. |
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* TODO: Use ConcurrentReferenceHashMap |
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*/ |
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static final Map<ForkJoinTask<?>, Throwable> exceptionMap = |
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Collections.synchronizedMap |
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(new WeakHashMap<ForkJoinTask<?>, Throwable>()); |
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|
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// within-package utilities |
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|
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/** |
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* Gets current worker thread, or null if not a worker thread. |
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*/ |
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static ForkJoinWorkerThread getWorker() { |
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Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); |
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return ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)? |
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(ForkJoinWorkerThread)t : null); |
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} |
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|
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final boolean casStatus(int cmp, int val) { |
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return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, statusOffset, cmp, val); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Workaround for not being able to rethrow unchecked exceptions. |
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*/ |
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static void rethrowException(Throwable ex) { |
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if (ex != null) |
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UNSAFE.throwException(ex); |
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} |
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|
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// Setting completion status |
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|
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/** |
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* Marks completion and wakes up threads waiting to join this task. |
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* |
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* @param completion one of NORMAL, CANCELLED, EXCEPTIONAL |
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*/ |
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final void setCompletion(int completion) { |
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ForkJoinPool pool = getPool(); |
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if (pool != null) { |
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int s; // Clear signal bits while setting completion status |
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do;while ((s = status) >= 0 && !casStatus(s, completion)); |
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|
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if ((s & SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) { |
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if ((s &= INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) |
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pool.updateRunningCount(s); |
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synchronized(this) { notifyAll(); } |
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} |
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} |
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else |
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externallySetCompletion(completion); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Version of setCompletion for non-FJ threads. Leaves signal |
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* bits for unblocked threads to adjust, and always notifies. |
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*/ |
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private void externallySetCompletion(int completion) { |
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int s; |
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do;while ((s = status) >= 0 && |
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!casStatus(s, (s & SIGNAL_MASK) | completion)); |
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synchronized(this) { notifyAll(); } |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Sets status to indicate normal completion |
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*/ |
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final void setNormalCompletion() { |
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// Try typical fast case -- single CAS, no signal, not already done. |
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// Manually expand casStatus to improve chances of inlining it |
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if (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, statusOffset, 0, NORMAL)) |
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setCompletion(NORMAL); |
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} |
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|
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// internal waiting and notification |
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|
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/** |
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* Performs the actual monitor wait for awaitDone |
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*/ |
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private void doAwaitDone() { |
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// Minimize lock bias and in/de-flation effects by maximizing |
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// chances of waiting inside sync |
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try { |
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while (status >= 0) |
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synchronized(this) { if (status >= 0) wait(); } |
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} catch (InterruptedException ie) { |
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onInterruptedWait(); |
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} |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Performs the actual monitor wait for awaitDone |
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*/ |
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private void doAwaitDone(long startTime, long nanos) { |
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synchronized(this) { |
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try { |
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while (status >= 0) { |
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long nt = nanos - System.nanoTime() - startTime; |
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if (nt <= 0) |
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break; |
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wait(nt / 1000000, (int)(nt % 1000000)); |
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} |
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} catch (InterruptedException ie) { |
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onInterruptedWait(); |
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} |
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} |
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} |
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|
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// Awaiting completion |
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|
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/** |
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* Sets status to indicate there is joiner, then waits for join, |
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* surrounded with pool notifications. |
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* |
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* @return status upon exit |
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*/ |
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private int awaitDone(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, boolean maintainParallelism) { |
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ForkJoinPool pool = w == null? null : w.pool; |
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int s; |
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while ((s = status) >= 0) { |
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if (casStatus(s, pool == null? s|EXTERNAL_SIGNAL : s+1)) { |
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if (pool == null || !pool.preJoin(this, maintainParallelism)) |
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doAwaitDone(); |
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if (((s = status) & INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) |
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adjustPoolCountsOnUnblock(pool); |
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break; |
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} |
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} |
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return s; |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Timed version of awaitDone |
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* @return status upon exit |
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*/ |
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private int awaitDone(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, long nanos) { |
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ForkJoinPool pool = w == null? null : w.pool; |
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int s; |
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while ((s = status) >= 0) { |
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if (casStatus(s, pool == null? s|EXTERNAL_SIGNAL : s+1)) { |
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long startTime = System.nanoTime(); |
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if (pool == null || !pool.preJoin(this, false)) |
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doAwaitDone(startTime, nanos); |
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if ((s = status) >= 0) { |
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adjustPoolCountsOnCancelledWait(pool); |
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s = status; |
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} |
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if (s < 0 && (s & INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) |
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adjustPoolCountsOnUnblock(pool); |
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break; |
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} |
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} |
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return s; |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Notifies pool that thread is unblocked. Called by signalled |
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* threads when woken by non-FJ threads (which is atypical). |
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*/ |
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private void adjustPoolCountsOnUnblock(ForkJoinPool pool) { |
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int s; |
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do;while ((s = status) < 0 && !casStatus(s, s & COMPLETION_MASK)); |
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if (pool != null && (s &= INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) |
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pool.updateRunningCount(s); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Notifies pool to adjust counts on cancelled or timed out wait. |
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*/ |
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private void adjustPoolCountsOnCancelledWait(ForkJoinPool pool) { |
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if (pool != null) { |
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int s; |
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while ((s = status) >= 0 && (s & INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) { |
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if (casStatus(s, s - 1)) { |
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pool.updateRunningCount(1); |
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break; |
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} |
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} |
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} |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Handles interruptions during waits. |
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*/ |
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private void onInterruptedWait() { |
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ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker(); |
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if (w == null) |
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Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // re-interrupt |
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else if (w.isTerminating()) |
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cancelIgnoringExceptions(); |
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// else if FJworker, ignore interrupt |
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} |
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|
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// Recording and reporting exceptions |
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|
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private void setDoneExceptionally(Throwable rex) { |
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exceptionMap.put(this, rex); |
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setCompletion(EXCEPTIONAL); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Throws the exception associated with status s. |
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* |
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* @throws the exception |
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*/ |
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private void reportException(int s) { |
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if ((s &= COMPLETION_MASK) < NORMAL) { |
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if (s == CANCELLED) |
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throw new CancellationException(); |
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else |
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rethrowException(exceptionMap.get(this)); |
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} |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Returns result or throws exception using j.u.c.Future conventions. |
367 |
* Only call when isDone known to be true. |
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*/ |
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private V reportFutureResult() |
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throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException { |
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int s = status & COMPLETION_MASK; |
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if (s < NORMAL) { |
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Throwable ex; |
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if (s == CANCELLED) |
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throw new CancellationException(); |
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if (s == EXCEPTIONAL && (ex = exceptionMap.get(this)) != null) |
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throw new ExecutionException(ex); |
378 |
if (Thread.interrupted()) |
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throw new InterruptedException(); |
380 |
} |
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return getRawResult(); |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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* Returns result or throws exception using j.u.c.Future conventions |
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* with timeouts. |
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*/ |
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private V reportTimedFutureResult() |
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throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException { |
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Throwable ex; |
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int s = status & COMPLETION_MASK; |
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if (s == NORMAL) |
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return getRawResult(); |
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if (s == CANCELLED) |
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throw new CancellationException(); |
396 |
if (s == EXCEPTIONAL && (ex = exceptionMap.get(this)) != null) |
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throw new ExecutionException(ex); |
398 |
if (Thread.interrupted()) |
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throw new InterruptedException(); |
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throw new TimeoutException(); |
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} |
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|
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// internal execution methods |
404 |
|
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/** |
406 |
* Calls exec, recording completion, and rethrowing exception if |
407 |
* encountered. Caller should normally check status before calling. |
408 |
* |
409 |
* @return true if completed normally |
410 |
*/ |
411 |
private boolean tryExec() { |
412 |
try { // try block must contain only call to exec |
413 |
if (!exec()) |
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return false; |
415 |
} catch (Throwable rex) { |
416 |
setDoneExceptionally(rex); |
417 |
rethrowException(rex); |
418 |
return false; // not reached |
419 |
} |
420 |
setNormalCompletion(); |
421 |
return true; |
422 |
} |
423 |
|
424 |
/** |
425 |
* Main execution method used by worker threads. Invokes |
426 |
* base computation unless already complete. |
427 |
*/ |
428 |
final void quietlyExec() { |
429 |
if (status >= 0) { |
430 |
try { |
431 |
if (!exec()) |
432 |
return; |
433 |
} catch(Throwable rex) { |
434 |
setDoneExceptionally(rex); |
435 |
return; |
436 |
} |
437 |
setNormalCompletion(); |
438 |
} |
439 |
} |
440 |
|
441 |
/** |
442 |
* Calls exec(), recording but not rethrowing exception. |
443 |
* Caller should normally check status before calling. |
444 |
* |
445 |
* @return true if completed normally |
446 |
*/ |
447 |
private boolean tryQuietlyInvoke() { |
448 |
try { |
449 |
if (!exec()) |
450 |
return false; |
451 |
} catch (Throwable rex) { |
452 |
setDoneExceptionally(rex); |
453 |
return false; |
454 |
} |
455 |
setNormalCompletion(); |
456 |
return true; |
457 |
} |
458 |
|
459 |
/** |
460 |
* Cancels, ignoring any exceptions it throws. |
461 |
*/ |
462 |
final void cancelIgnoringExceptions() { |
463 |
try { |
464 |
cancel(false); |
465 |
} catch(Throwable ignore) { |
466 |
} |
467 |
} |
468 |
|
469 |
/** |
470 |
* Main implementation of helpJoin |
471 |
*/ |
472 |
private int busyJoin(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) { |
473 |
int s; |
474 |
ForkJoinTask<?> t; |
475 |
while ((s = status) >= 0 && (t = w.scanWhileJoining(this)) != null) |
476 |
t.quietlyExec(); |
477 |
return (s >= 0)? awaitDone(w, false) : s; // block if no work |
478 |
} |
479 |
|
480 |
// public methods |
481 |
|
482 |
/** |
483 |
* Arranges to asynchronously execute this task. While it is not |
484 |
* necessarily enforced, it is a usage error to fork a task more |
485 |
* than once unless it has completed and been reinitialized. This |
486 |
* method may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask |
487 |
* computations (as may be determined using method {@link |
488 |
* #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts result |
489 |
* in exceptions or errors possibly including ClassCastException. |
490 |
*/ |
491 |
public final void fork() { |
492 |
((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())).pushTask(this); |
493 |
} |
494 |
|
495 |
/** |
496 |
* Returns the result of the computation when it is ready. |
497 |
* This method differs from {@code get} in that abnormal |
498 |
* completion results in RuntimeExceptions or Errors, not |
499 |
* ExecutionExceptions. |
500 |
* |
501 |
* @return the computed result |
502 |
*/ |
503 |
public final V join() { |
504 |
ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker(); |
505 |
if (w == null || status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryExec()) |
506 |
reportException(awaitDone(w, true)); |
507 |
return getRawResult(); |
508 |
} |
509 |
|
510 |
/** |
511 |
* Commences performing this task, awaits its completion if |
512 |
* necessary, and return its result. |
513 |
* |
514 |
* @throws Throwable (a RuntimeException, Error, or unchecked |
515 |
* exception) if the underlying computation did so |
516 |
* @return the computed result |
517 |
*/ |
518 |
public final V invoke() { |
519 |
if (status >= 0 && tryExec()) |
520 |
return getRawResult(); |
521 |
else |
522 |
return join(); |
523 |
} |
524 |
|
525 |
/** |
526 |
* Forks both tasks, returning when {@code isDone} holds for |
527 |
* both of them or an exception is encountered. This method may be |
528 |
* invoked only from within ForkJoinTask computations (as may be |
529 |
* determined using method {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to |
530 |
* invoke in other contexts result in exceptions or errors |
531 |
* possibly including ClassCastException. |
532 |
* |
533 |
* @param t1 one task |
534 |
* @param t2 the other task |
535 |
* @throws NullPointerException if t1 or t2 are null |
536 |
* @throws RuntimeException or Error if either task did so |
537 |
*/ |
538 |
public static void invokeAll(ForkJoinTask<?>t1, ForkJoinTask<?> t2) { |
539 |
t2.fork(); |
540 |
t1.invoke(); |
541 |
t2.join(); |
542 |
} |
543 |
|
544 |
/** |
545 |
* Forks the given tasks, returning when {@code isDone} holds |
546 |
* for all of them. If any task encounters an exception, others |
547 |
* may be cancelled. This method may be invoked only from within |
548 |
* ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method |
549 |
* {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts |
550 |
* result in exceptions or errors possibly including |
551 |
* ClassCastException. |
552 |
* @param tasks the array of tasks |
553 |
* @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any element are null |
554 |
* @throws RuntimeException or Error if any task did so |
555 |
*/ |
556 |
public static void invokeAll(ForkJoinTask<?>... tasks) { |
557 |
Throwable ex = null; |
558 |
int last = tasks.length - 1; |
559 |
for (int i = last; i >= 0; --i) { |
560 |
ForkJoinTask<?> t = tasks[i]; |
561 |
if (t == null) { |
562 |
if (ex == null) |
563 |
ex = new NullPointerException(); |
564 |
} |
565 |
else if (i != 0) |
566 |
t.fork(); |
567 |
else { |
568 |
t.quietlyInvoke(); |
569 |
if (ex == null) |
570 |
ex = t.getException(); |
571 |
} |
572 |
} |
573 |
for (int i = 1; i <= last; ++i) { |
574 |
ForkJoinTask<?> t = tasks[i]; |
575 |
if (t != null) { |
576 |
if (ex != null) |
577 |
t.cancel(false); |
578 |
else { |
579 |
t.quietlyJoin(); |
580 |
if (ex == null) |
581 |
ex = t.getException(); |
582 |
} |
583 |
} |
584 |
} |
585 |
if (ex != null) |
586 |
rethrowException(ex); |
587 |
} |
588 |
|
589 |
/** |
590 |
* Forks all tasks in the collection, returning when |
591 |
* {@code isDone} holds for all of them. If any task |
592 |
* encounters an exception, others may be cancelled. This method |
593 |
* may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask computations (as |
594 |
* may be determined using method {@link |
595 |
* #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts resul!t |
596 |
* in exceptions or errors possibly including ClassCastException. |
597 |
* |
598 |
* @param tasks the collection of tasks |
599 |
* @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any element are null |
600 |
* @throws RuntimeException or Error if any task did so |
601 |
*/ |
602 |
public static void invokeAll(Collection<? extends ForkJoinTask<?>> tasks) { |
603 |
if (!(tasks instanceof List)) { |
604 |
invokeAll(tasks.toArray(new ForkJoinTask[tasks.size()])); |
605 |
return; |
606 |
} |
607 |
List<? extends ForkJoinTask<?>> ts = |
608 |
(List<? extends ForkJoinTask<?>>)tasks; |
609 |
Throwable ex = null; |
610 |
int last = ts.size() - 1; |
611 |
for (int i = last; i >= 0; --i) { |
612 |
ForkJoinTask<?> t = ts.get(i); |
613 |
if (t == null) { |
614 |
if (ex == null) |
615 |
ex = new NullPointerException(); |
616 |
} |
617 |
else if (i != 0) |
618 |
t.fork(); |
619 |
else { |
620 |
t.quietlyInvoke(); |
621 |
if (ex == null) |
622 |
ex = t.getException(); |
623 |
} |
624 |
} |
625 |
for (int i = 1; i <= last; ++i) { |
626 |
ForkJoinTask<?> t = ts.get(i); |
627 |
if (t != null) { |
628 |
if (ex != null) |
629 |
t.cancel(false); |
630 |
else { |
631 |
t.quietlyJoin(); |
632 |
if (ex == null) |
633 |
ex = t.getException(); |
634 |
} |
635 |
} |
636 |
} |
637 |
if (ex != null) |
638 |
rethrowException(ex); |
639 |
} |
640 |
|
641 |
/** |
642 |
* Returns true if the computation performed by this task has |
643 |
* completed (or has been cancelled). |
644 |
* |
645 |
* @return true if this computation has completed |
646 |
*/ |
647 |
public final boolean isDone() { |
648 |
return status < 0; |
649 |
} |
650 |
|
651 |
/** |
652 |
* Returns true if this task was cancelled. |
653 |
* |
654 |
* @return true if this task was cancelled |
655 |
*/ |
656 |
public final boolean isCancelled() { |
657 |
return (status & COMPLETION_MASK) == CANCELLED; |
658 |
} |
659 |
|
660 |
/** |
661 |
* Asserts that the results of this task's computation will not be |
662 |
* used. If a cancellation occurs before attempting to execute this |
663 |
* task, then execution will be suppressed, {@code isCancelled} |
664 |
* will report true, and {@code join} will result in a |
665 |
* {@code CancellationException} being thrown. Otherwise, when |
666 |
* cancellation races with completion, there are no guarantees |
667 |
* about whether {@code isCancelled} will report true, whether |
668 |
* {@code join} will return normally or via an exception, or |
669 |
* whether these behaviors will remain consistent upon repeated |
670 |
* invocation. |
671 |
* |
672 |
* <p>This method may be overridden in subclasses, but if so, must |
673 |
* still ensure that these minimal properties hold. In particular, |
674 |
* the cancel method itself must not throw exceptions. |
675 |
* |
676 |
* <p> This method is designed to be invoked by <em>other</em> |
677 |
* tasks. To terminate the current task, you can just return or |
678 |
* throw an unchecked exception from its computation method, or |
679 |
* invoke {@code completeExceptionally}. |
680 |
* |
681 |
* @param mayInterruptIfRunning this value is ignored in the |
682 |
* default implementation because tasks are not in general |
683 |
* cancelled via interruption. |
684 |
* |
685 |
* @return true if this task is now cancelled |
686 |
*/ |
687 |
public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) { |
688 |
setCompletion(CANCELLED); |
689 |
return (status & COMPLETION_MASK) == CANCELLED; |
690 |
} |
691 |
|
692 |
/** |
693 |
* Returns true if this task threw an exception or was cancelled. |
694 |
* |
695 |
* @return true if this task threw an exception or was cancelled |
696 |
*/ |
697 |
public final boolean isCompletedAbnormally() { |
698 |
return (status & COMPLETION_MASK) < NORMAL; |
699 |
} |
700 |
|
701 |
/** |
702 |
* Returns the exception thrown by the base computation, or a |
703 |
* CancellationException if cancelled, or null if none or if the |
704 |
* method has not yet completed. |
705 |
* |
706 |
* @return the exception, or null if none |
707 |
*/ |
708 |
public final Throwable getException() { |
709 |
int s = status & COMPLETION_MASK; |
710 |
if (s >= NORMAL) |
711 |
return null; |
712 |
if (s == CANCELLED) |
713 |
return new CancellationException(); |
714 |
return exceptionMap.get(this); |
715 |
} |
716 |
|
717 |
/** |
718 |
* Completes this task abnormally, and if not already aborted or |
719 |
* cancelled, causes it to throw the given exception upon |
720 |
* {@code join} and related operations. This method may be used |
721 |
* to induce exceptions in asynchronous tasks, or to force |
722 |
* completion of tasks that would not otherwise complete. Its use |
723 |
* in other situations is likely to be wrong. This method is |
724 |
* overridable, but overridden versions must invoke {@code super} |
725 |
* implementation to maintain guarantees. |
726 |
* |
727 |
* @param ex the exception to throw. If this exception is |
728 |
* not a RuntimeException or Error, the actual exception thrown |
729 |
* will be a RuntimeException with cause ex. |
730 |
*/ |
731 |
public void completeExceptionally(Throwable ex) { |
732 |
setDoneExceptionally((ex instanceof RuntimeException) || |
733 |
(ex instanceof Error)? ex : |
734 |
new RuntimeException(ex)); |
735 |
} |
736 |
|
737 |
/** |
738 |
* Completes this task, and if not already aborted or cancelled, |
739 |
* returning a {@code null} result upon {@code join} and related |
740 |
* operations. This method may be used to provide results for |
741 |
* asynchronous tasks, or to provide alternative handling for |
742 |
* tasks that would not otherwise complete normally. Its use in |
743 |
* other situations is likely to be wrong. This method is |
744 |
* overridable, but overridden versions must invoke {@code super} |
745 |
* implementation to maintain guarantees. |
746 |
* |
747 |
* @param value the result value for this task |
748 |
*/ |
749 |
public void complete(V value) { |
750 |
try { |
751 |
setRawResult(value); |
752 |
} catch(Throwable rex) { |
753 |
setDoneExceptionally(rex); |
754 |
return; |
755 |
} |
756 |
setNormalCompletion(); |
757 |
} |
758 |
|
759 |
public final V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException { |
760 |
ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker(); |
761 |
if (w == null || status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke()) |
762 |
awaitDone(w, true); |
763 |
return reportFutureResult(); |
764 |
} |
765 |
|
766 |
public final V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) |
767 |
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException { |
768 |
ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker(); |
769 |
if (w == null || status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke()) |
770 |
awaitDone(w, unit.toNanos(timeout)); |
771 |
return reportTimedFutureResult(); |
772 |
} |
773 |
|
774 |
/** |
775 |
* Possibly executes other tasks until this task is ready, then |
776 |
* returns the result of the computation. This method may be more |
777 |
* efficient than {@code join}, but is only applicable when |
778 |
* there are no potential dependencies between continuation of the |
779 |
* current task and that of any other task that might be executed |
780 |
* while helping. (This usually holds for pure divide-and-conquer |
781 |
* tasks). This method may be invoked only from within |
782 |
* ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method |
783 |
* {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts |
784 |
* resul!t in exceptions or errors possibly including |
785 |
* ClassCastException. |
786 |
* |
787 |
* @return the computed result |
788 |
*/ |
789 |
public final V helpJoin() { |
790 |
ForkJoinWorkerThread w = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread()); |
791 |
if (status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryExec()) |
792 |
reportException(busyJoin(w)); |
793 |
return getRawResult(); |
794 |
} |
795 |
|
796 |
/** |
797 |
* Possibly executes other tasks until this task is ready. This |
798 |
* method may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask |
799 |
* computations (as may be determined using method {@link |
800 |
* #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts resul!t |
801 |
* in exceptions or errors possibly including ClassCastException. |
802 |
*/ |
803 |
public final void quietlyHelpJoin() { |
804 |
if (status >= 0) { |
805 |
ForkJoinWorkerThread w = |
806 |
(ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread()); |
807 |
if (!w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke()) |
808 |
busyJoin(w); |
809 |
} |
810 |
} |
811 |
|
812 |
/** |
813 |
* Joins this task, without returning its result or throwing an |
814 |
* exception. This method may be useful when processing |
815 |
* collections of tasks when some have been cancelled or otherwise |
816 |
* known to have aborted. |
817 |
*/ |
818 |
public final void quietlyJoin() { |
819 |
if (status >= 0) { |
820 |
ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker(); |
821 |
if (w == null || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke()) |
822 |
awaitDone(w, true); |
823 |
} |
824 |
} |
825 |
|
826 |
/** |
827 |
* Commences performing this task and awaits its completion if |
828 |
* necessary, without returning its result or throwing an |
829 |
* exception. This method may be useful when processing |
830 |
* collections of tasks when some have been cancelled or otherwise |
831 |
* known to have aborted. |
832 |
*/ |
833 |
public final void quietlyInvoke() { |
834 |
if (status >= 0 && !tryQuietlyInvoke()) |
835 |
quietlyJoin(); |
836 |
} |
837 |
|
838 |
/** |
839 |
* Possibly executes tasks until the pool hosting the current task |
840 |
* {@link ForkJoinPool#isQuiescent}. This method may be of use in |
841 |
* designs in which many tasks are forked, but none are explicitly |
842 |
* joined, instead executing them until all are processed. |
843 |
*/ |
844 |
public static void helpQuiesce() { |
845 |
((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())). |
846 |
helpQuiescePool(); |
847 |
} |
848 |
|
849 |
/** |
850 |
* Resets the internal bookkeeping state of this task, allowing a |
851 |
* subsequent {@code fork}. This method allows repeated reuse of |
852 |
* this task, but only if reuse occurs when this task has either |
853 |
* never been forked, or has been forked, then completed and all |
854 |
* outstanding joins of this task have also completed. Effects |
855 |
* under any other usage conditions are not guaranteed, and are |
856 |
* almost surely wrong. This method may be useful when executing |
857 |
* pre-constructed trees of subtasks in loops. |
858 |
*/ |
859 |
public void reinitialize() { |
860 |
if ((status & COMPLETION_MASK) == EXCEPTIONAL) |
861 |
exceptionMap.remove(this); |
862 |
status = 0; |
863 |
} |
864 |
|
865 |
/** |
866 |
* Returns the pool hosting the current task execution, or null |
867 |
* if this task is executing outside of any ForkJoinPool. |
868 |
* |
869 |
* @return the pool, or null if none. |
870 |
*/ |
871 |
public static ForkJoinPool getPool() { |
872 |
Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); |
873 |
return ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)? |
874 |
((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool : null); |
875 |
} |
876 |
|
877 |
/** |
878 |
* Returns true if the current thread is executing as a |
879 |
* ForkJoinPool computation. |
880 |
* @return <code>true</code> if the current thread is executing as a |
881 |
* ForkJoinPool computation, or false otherwise |
882 |
*/ |
883 |
public static boolean inForkJoinPool() { |
884 |
return Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread; |
885 |
} |
886 |
|
887 |
/** |
888 |
* Tries to unschedule this task for execution. This method will |
889 |
* typically succeed if this task is the most recently forked task |
890 |
* by the current thread, and has not commenced executing in |
891 |
* another thread. This method may be useful when arranging |
892 |
* alternative local processing of tasks that could have been, but |
893 |
* were not, stolen. This method may be invoked only from within |
894 |
* ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method |
895 |
* {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts |
896 |
* result in exceptions or errors possibly including |
897 |
* ClassCastException. |
898 |
* |
899 |
* @return true if unforked |
900 |
*/ |
901 |
public boolean tryUnfork() { |
902 |
return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())).unpushTask(this); |
903 |
} |
904 |
|
905 |
/** |
906 |
* Returns an estimate of the number of tasks that have been |
907 |
* forked by the current worker thread but not yet executed. This |
908 |
* value may be useful for heuristic decisions about whether to |
909 |
* fork other tasks. |
910 |
* |
911 |
* @return the number of tasks |
912 |
*/ |
913 |
public static int getQueuedTaskCount() { |
914 |
return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())). |
915 |
getQueueSize(); |
916 |
} |
917 |
|
918 |
/** |
919 |
* Returns an estimate of how many more locally queued tasks are |
920 |
* held by the current worker thread than there are other worker |
921 |
* threads that might steal them. This value may be useful for |
922 |
* heuristic decisions about whether to fork other tasks. In many |
923 |
* usages of ForkJoinTasks, at steady state, each worker should |
924 |
* aim to maintain a small constant surplus (for example, 3) of |
925 |
* tasks, and to process computations locally if this threshold is |
926 |
* exceeded. |
927 |
* |
928 |
* @return the surplus number of tasks, which may be negative |
929 |
*/ |
930 |
public static int getSurplusQueuedTaskCount() { |
931 |
return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())) |
932 |
.getEstimatedSurplusTaskCount(); |
933 |
} |
934 |
|
935 |
// Extension methods |
936 |
|
937 |
/** |
938 |
* Returns the result that would be returned by {@code join}, |
939 |
* even if this task completed abnormally, or null if this task is |
940 |
* not known to have been completed. This method is designed to |
941 |
* aid debugging, as well as to support extensions. Its use in any |
942 |
* other context is discouraged. |
943 |
* |
944 |
* @return the result, or null if not completed |
945 |
*/ |
946 |
public abstract V getRawResult(); |
947 |
|
948 |
/** |
949 |
* Forces the given value to be returned as a result. This method |
950 |
* is designed to support extensions, and should not in general be |
951 |
* called otherwise. |
952 |
* |
953 |
* @param value the value |
954 |
*/ |
955 |
protected abstract void setRawResult(V value); |
956 |
|
957 |
/** |
958 |
* Immediately performs the base action of this task. This method |
959 |
* is designed to support extensions, and should not in general be |
960 |
* called otherwise. The return value controls whether this task |
961 |
* is considered to be done normally. It may return false in |
962 |
* asynchronous actions that require explicit invocations of |
963 |
* {@code complete} to become joinable. It may throw exceptions |
964 |
* to indicate abnormal exit. |
965 |
* |
966 |
* @return true if completed normally |
967 |
* @throws Error or RuntimeException if encountered during computation |
968 |
*/ |
969 |
protected abstract boolean exec(); |
970 |
|
971 |
/** |
972 |
* Returns, but does not unschedule or execute, the task queued by |
973 |
* the current thread but not yet executed, if one is |
974 |
* available. There is no guarantee that this task will actually |
975 |
* be polled or executed next. This method is designed primarily |
976 |
* to support extensions, and is unlikely to be useful otherwise. |
977 |
* This method may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask |
978 |
* computations (as may be determined using method {@link |
979 |
* #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts result |
980 |
* in exceptions or errors possibly including ClassCastException. |
981 |
* |
982 |
* @return the next task, or null if none are available |
983 |
*/ |
984 |
protected static ForkJoinTask<?> peekNextLocalTask() { |
985 |
return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())).peekTask(); |
986 |
} |
987 |
|
988 |
/** |
989 |
* Unschedules and returns, without executing, the next task |
990 |
* queued by the current thread but not yet executed. This method |
991 |
* is designed primarily to support extensions, and is unlikely to |
992 |
* be useful otherwise. This method may be invoked only from |
993 |
* within ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using |
994 |
* method {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other |
995 |
* contexts result in exceptions or errors possibly including |
996 |
* ClassCastException. |
997 |
* |
998 |
* @return the next task, or null if none are available |
999 |
*/ |
1000 |
protected static ForkJoinTask<?> pollNextLocalTask() { |
1001 |
return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())).pollLocalTask(); |
1002 |
} |
1003 |
|
1004 |
/** |
1005 |
* Unschedules and returns, without executing, the next task |
1006 |
* queued by the current thread but not yet executed, if one is |
1007 |
* available, or if not available, a task that was forked by some |
1008 |
* other thread, if available. Availability may be transient, so a |
1009 |
* {@code null} result does not necessarily imply quiescence |
1010 |
* of the pool this task is operating in. This method is designed |
1011 |
* primarily to support extensions, and is unlikely to be useful |
1012 |
* otherwise. This method may be invoked only from within |
1013 |
* ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method |
1014 |
* {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts |
1015 |
* result in exceptions or errors possibly including |
1016 |
* ClassCastException. |
1017 |
* |
1018 |
* @return a task, or null if none are available |
1019 |
*/ |
1020 |
protected static ForkJoinTask<?> pollTask() { |
1021 |
return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)(Thread.currentThread())). |
1022 |
pollTask(); |
1023 |
} |
1024 |
|
1025 |
// Serialization support |
1026 |
|
1027 |
private static final long serialVersionUID = -7721805057305804111L; |
1028 |
|
1029 |
/** |
1030 |
* Save the state to a stream. |
1031 |
* |
1032 |
* @serialData the current run status and the exception thrown |
1033 |
* during execution, or null if none |
1034 |
* @param s the stream |
1035 |
*/ |
1036 |
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) |
1037 |
throws java.io.IOException { |
1038 |
s.defaultWriteObject(); |
1039 |
s.writeObject(getException()); |
1040 |
} |
1041 |
|
1042 |
/** |
1043 |
* Reconstitute the instance from a stream. |
1044 |
* |
1045 |
* @param s the stream |
1046 |
*/ |
1047 |
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) |
1048 |
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { |
1049 |
s.defaultReadObject(); |
1050 |
status &= ~INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK; // clear internal signal counts |
1051 |
status |= EXTERNAL_SIGNAL; // conservatively set external signal |
1052 |
Object ex = s.readObject(); |
1053 |
if (ex != null) |
1054 |
setDoneExceptionally((Throwable)ex); |
1055 |
} |
1056 |
|
1057 |
// Temporary Unsafe mechanics for preliminary release |
1058 |
private static Unsafe getUnsafe() throws Throwable { |
1059 |
try { |
1060 |
return Unsafe.getUnsafe(); |
1061 |
} catch (SecurityException se) { |
1062 |
try { |
1063 |
return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged |
1064 |
(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction<Unsafe>() { |
1065 |
public Unsafe run() throws Exception { |
1066 |
return getUnsafePrivileged(); |
1067 |
}}); |
1068 |
} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) { |
1069 |
throw e.getCause(); |
1070 |
} |
1071 |
} |
1072 |
} |
1073 |
|
1074 |
private static Unsafe getUnsafePrivileged() |
1075 |
throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException { |
1076 |
Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe"); |
1077 |
f.setAccessible(true); |
1078 |
return (Unsafe) f.get(null); |
1079 |
} |
1080 |
|
1081 |
private static long fieldOffset(String fieldName) |
1082 |
throws NoSuchFieldException { |
1083 |
return UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset |
1084 |
(ForkJoinTask.class.getDeclaredField(fieldName)); |
1085 |
} |
1086 |
|
1087 |
static final Unsafe UNSAFE; |
1088 |
static final long statusOffset; |
1089 |
|
1090 |
static { |
1091 |
try { |
1092 |
UNSAFE = getUnsafe(); |
1093 |
statusOffset = fieldOffset("status"); |
1094 |
} catch (Throwable e) { |
1095 |
throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics", e); |
1096 |
} |
1097 |
} |
1098 |
|
1099 |
} |