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Comparing jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinTask.java (file contents):
Revision 1.20 by jsr166, Sun Jul 26 05:55:34 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.98 by dl, Tue Jan 1 15:10:39 2013 UTC

# Line 1 | Line 1
1   /*
2   * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
3   * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
4 < * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
4 > * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
5   */
6  
7   package jsr166y;
8  
9 import java.util.concurrent.*;
10
9   import java.io.Serializable;
10   import java.util.Collection;
13 import java.util.Collections;
11   import java.util.List;
12 < import java.util.Map;
13 < import java.util.WeakHashMap;
12 > import java.util.RandomAccess;
13 > import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
14 > import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
15 > import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
16 > import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
17 > import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
18 > import java.util.concurrent.Future;
19 > import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
20 > import java.util.concurrent.RunnableFuture;
21 > import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
22 > import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
23 > import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
24 > import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
25  
26   /**
27 < * Abstract base class for tasks that run within a {@link
28 < * ForkJoinPool}.  A ForkJoinTask is a thread-like entity that is much
27 > * Abstract base class for tasks that run within a {@link ForkJoinPool}.
28 > * A {@code ForkJoinTask} is a thread-like entity that is much
29   * lighter weight than a normal thread.  Huge numbers of tasks and
30   * subtasks may be hosted by a small number of actual threads in a
31   * ForkJoinPool, at the price of some usage limitations.
32   *
33 < * <p> A "main" ForkJoinTask begins execution when submitted to a
34 < * {@link ForkJoinPool}. Once started, it will usually in turn start
35 < * other subtasks.  As indicated by the name of this class, many
36 < * programs using ForkJoinTasks employ only methods {@code fork}
37 < * and {@code join}, or derivatives such as
38 < * {@code invokeAll}.  However, this class also provides a number
39 < * of other methods that can come into play in advanced usages, as
40 < * well as extension mechanics that allow support of new forms of
41 < * fork/join processing.
33 > * <p>A "main" {@code ForkJoinTask} begins execution when it is
34 > * explicitly submitted to a {@link ForkJoinPool}, or, if not already
35 > * engaged in a ForkJoin computation, commenced in the {@link
36 > * ForkJoinPool#commonPool()} via {@link #fork}, {@link #invoke}, or
37 > * related methods.  Once started, it will usually in turn start other
38 > * subtasks.  As indicated by the name of this class, many programs
39 > * using {@code ForkJoinTask} employ only methods {@link #fork} and
40 > * {@link #join}, or derivatives such as {@link
41 > * #invokeAll(ForkJoinTask...) invokeAll}.  However, this class also
42 > * provides a number of other methods that can come into play in
43 > * advanced usages, as well as extension mechanics that allow support
44 > * of new forms of fork/join processing.
45 > *
46 > * <p>A {@code ForkJoinTask} is a lightweight form of {@link Future}.
47 > * The efficiency of {@code ForkJoinTask}s stems from a set of
48 > * restrictions (that are only partially statically enforceable)
49 > * reflecting their main use as computational tasks calculating pure
50 > * functions or operating on purely isolated objects.  The primary
51 > * coordination mechanisms are {@link #fork}, that arranges
52 > * asynchronous execution, and {@link #join}, that doesn't proceed
53 > * until the task's result has been computed.  Computations should
54 > * ideally avoid {@code synchronized} methods or blocks, and should
55 > * minimize other blocking synchronization apart from joining other
56 > * tasks or using synchronizers such as Phasers that are advertised to
57 > * cooperate with fork/join scheduling. Subdividable tasks should also
58 > * not perform blocking I/O, and should ideally access variables that
59 > * are completely independent of those accessed by other running
60 > * tasks. These guidelines are loosely enforced by not permitting
61 > * checked exceptions such as {@code IOExceptions} to be
62 > * thrown. However, computations may still encounter unchecked
63 > * exceptions, that are rethrown to callers attempting to join
64 > * them. These exceptions may additionally include {@link
65 > * RejectedExecutionException} stemming from internal resource
66 > * exhaustion, such as failure to allocate internal task
67 > * queues. Rethrown exceptions behave in the same way as regular
68 > * exceptions, but, when possible, contain stack traces (as displayed
69 > * for example using {@code ex.printStackTrace()}) of both the thread
70 > * that initiated the computation as well as the thread actually
71 > * encountering the exception; minimally only the latter.
72   *
73 < * <p>A ForkJoinTask is a lightweight form of {@link Future}.  The
74 < * efficiency of ForkJoinTasks stems from a set of restrictions (that
75 < * are only partially statically enforceable) reflecting their
76 < * intended use as computational tasks calculating pure functions or
77 < * operating on purely isolated objects.  The primary coordination
78 < * mechanisms are {@link #fork}, that arranges asynchronous execution,
79 < * and {@link #join}, that doesn't proceed until the task's result has
80 < * been computed.  Computations should avoid {@code synchronized}
81 < * methods or blocks, and should minimize other blocking
82 < * synchronization apart from joining other tasks or using
83 < * synchronizers such as Phasers that are advertised to cooperate with
84 < * fork/join scheduling. Tasks should also not perform blocking IO,
85 < * and should ideally access variables that are completely independent
48 < * of those accessed by other running tasks. Minor breaches of these
49 < * restrictions, for example using shared output streams, may be
50 < * tolerable in practice, but frequent use may result in poor
51 < * performance, and the potential to indefinitely stall if the number
52 < * of threads not waiting for IO or other external synchronization
53 < * becomes exhausted. This usage restriction is in part enforced by
54 < * not permitting checked exceptions such as {@code IOExceptions}
55 < * to be thrown. However, computations may still encounter unchecked
56 < * exceptions, that are rethrown to callers attempting join
57 < * them. These exceptions may additionally include
58 < * RejectedExecutionExceptions stemming from internal resource
59 < * exhaustion such as failure to allocate internal task queues.
73 > * <p>It is possible to define and use ForkJoinTasks that may block,
74 > * but doing do requires three further considerations: (1) Completion
75 > * of few if any <em>other</em> tasks should be dependent on a task
76 > * that blocks on external synchronization or I/O. Event-style async
77 > * tasks that are never joined (for example, those subclassing {@link
78 > * CountedCompleter}) often fall into this category.  (2) To minimize
79 > * resource impact, tasks should be small; ideally performing only the
80 > * (possibly) blocking action. (3) Unless the {@link
81 > * ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker} API is used, or the number of possibly
82 > * blocked tasks is known to be less than the pool's {@link
83 > * ForkJoinPool#getParallelism} level, the pool cannot guarantee that
84 > * enough threads will be available to ensure progress or good
85 > * performance.
86   *
87   * <p>The primary method for awaiting completion and extracting
88   * results of a task is {@link #join}, but there are several variants:
89   * The {@link Future#get} methods support interruptible and/or timed
90   * waits for completion and report results using {@code Future}
91 < * conventions. Method {@link #helpJoin} enables callers to actively
92 < * execute other tasks while awaiting joins, which is sometimes more
93 < * efficient but only applies when all subtasks are known to be
94 < * strictly tree-structured. Method {@link #invoke} is semantically
69 < * equivalent to {@code fork(); join()} but always attempts to
70 < * begin execution in the current thread. The "<em>quiet</em>" forms
71 < * of these methods do not extract results or report exceptions. These
91 > * conventions. Method {@link #invoke} is semantically
92 > * equivalent to {@code fork(); join()} but always attempts to begin
93 > * execution in the current thread. The "<em>quiet</em>" forms of
94 > * these methods do not extract results or report exceptions. These
95   * may be useful when a set of tasks are being executed, and you need
96   * to delay processing of results or exceptions until all complete.
97   * Method {@code invokeAll} (available in multiple versions)
98   * performs the most common form of parallel invocation: forking a set
99   * of tasks and joining them all.
100   *
101 < * <p> The ForkJoinTask class is not usually directly subclassed.
101 > * <p>In the most typical usages, a fork-join pair act like a call
102 > * (fork) and return (join) from a parallel recursive function. As is
103 > * the case with other forms of recursive calls, returns (joins)
104 > * should be performed innermost-first. For example, {@code a.fork();
105 > * b.fork(); b.join(); a.join();} is likely to be substantially more
106 > * efficient than joining {@code a} before {@code b}.
107 > *
108 > * <p>The execution status of tasks may be queried at several levels
109 > * of detail: {@link #isDone} is true if a task completed in any way
110 > * (including the case where a task was cancelled without executing);
111 > * {@link #isCompletedNormally} is true if a task completed without
112 > * cancellation or encountering an exception; {@link #isCancelled} is
113 > * true if the task was cancelled (in which case {@link #getException}
114 > * returns a {@link java.util.concurrent.CancellationException}); and
115 > * {@link #isCompletedAbnormally} is true if a task was either
116 > * cancelled or encountered an exception, in which case {@link
117 > * #getException} will return either the encountered exception or
118 > * {@link java.util.concurrent.CancellationException}.
119 > *
120 > * <p>The ForkJoinTask class is not usually directly subclassed.
121   * Instead, you subclass one of the abstract classes that support a
122 < * particular style of fork/join processing.  Normally, a concrete
123 < * ForkJoinTask subclass declares fields comprising its parameters,
124 < * established in a constructor, and then defines a {@code compute}
125 < * method that somehow uses the control methods supplied by this base
126 < * class. While these methods have {@code public} access (to allow
127 < * instances of different task subclasses to call each others
128 < * methods), some of them may only be called from within other
129 < * ForkJoinTasks (as may be determined using method {@link
130 < * #inForkJoinPool}).  Attempts to invoke them in other contexts
131 < * result in exceptions or errors, possibly including
132 < * ClassCastException.
122 > * particular style of fork/join processing, typically {@link
123 > * RecursiveAction} for most computations that do not return results,
124 > * {@link RecursiveTask} for those that do, and {@link
125 > * CountedCompleter} for those in which completed actions trigger
126 > * other actions.  Normally, a concrete ForkJoinTask subclass declares
127 > * fields comprising its parameters, established in a constructor, and
128 > * then defines a {@code compute} method that somehow uses the control
129 > * methods supplied by this base class.
130 > *
131 > * <p>Method {@link #join} and its variants are appropriate for use
132 > * only when completion dependencies are acyclic; that is, the
133 > * parallel computation can be described as a directed acyclic graph
134 > * (DAG). Otherwise, executions may encounter a form of deadlock as
135 > * tasks cyclically wait for each other.  However, this framework
136 > * supports other methods and techniques (for example the use of
137 > * {@link Phaser}, {@link #helpQuiesce}, and {@link #complete}) that
138 > * may be of use in constructing custom subclasses for problems that
139 > * are not statically structured as DAGs. To support such usages a
140 > * ForkJoinTask may be atomically <em>tagged</em> with a {@code short}
141 > * value using {@link #setForkJoinTaskTag} or {@link
142 > * #compareAndSetForkJoinTaskTag} and checked using {@link
143 > * #getForkJoinTaskTag}. The ForkJoinTask implementation does not use
144 > * these {@code protected} methods or tags for any purpose, but they
145 > * may be of use in the construction of specialized subclasses.  For
146 > * example, parallel graph traversals can use the supplied methods to
147 > * avoid revisiting nodes/tasks that have already been processed.
148 > * (Method names for tagging are bulky in part to encourage definition
149 > * of methods that reflect their usage patterns.)
150   *
151 < * <p>Most base support methods are {@code final} because their
152 < * implementations are intrinsically tied to the underlying
153 < * lightweight task scheduling framework, and so cannot be overridden.
154 < * Developers creating new basic styles of fork/join processing should
155 < * minimally implement {@code protected} methods
156 < * {@code exec}, {@code setRawResult}, and
157 < * {@code getRawResult}, while also introducing an abstract
158 < * computational method that can be implemented in its subclasses,
159 < * possibly relying on other {@code protected} methods provided
101 < * by this class.
151 > * <p>Most base support methods are {@code final}, to prevent
152 > * overriding of implementations that are intrinsically tied to the
153 > * underlying lightweight task scheduling framework.  Developers
154 > * creating new basic styles of fork/join processing should minimally
155 > * implement {@code protected} methods {@link #exec}, {@link
156 > * #setRawResult}, and {@link #getRawResult}, while also introducing
157 > * an abstract computational method that can be implemented in its
158 > * subclasses, possibly relying on other {@code protected} methods
159 > * provided by this class.
160   *
161   * <p>ForkJoinTasks should perform relatively small amounts of
162 < * computations, otherwise splitting into smaller tasks. As a very
163 < * rough rule of thumb, a task should perform more than 100 and less
164 < * than 10000 basic computational steps. If tasks are too big, then
165 < * parallelism cannot improve throughput. If too small, then memory
166 < * and internal task maintenance overhead may overwhelm processing.
162 > * computation. Large tasks should be split into smaller subtasks,
163 > * usually via recursive decomposition. As a very rough rule of thumb,
164 > * a task should perform more than 100 and less than 10000 basic
165 > * computational steps, and should avoid indefinite looping. If tasks
166 > * are too big, then parallelism cannot improve throughput. If too
167 > * small, then memory and internal task maintenance overhead may
168 > * overwhelm processing.
169   *
170 < * <p>ForkJoinTasks are {@code Serializable}, which enables them
171 < * to be used in extensions such as remote execution frameworks. It is
172 < * in general sensible to serialize tasks only before or after, but
173 < * not during execution. Serialization is not relied on during
174 < * execution itself.
170 > * <p>This class provides {@code adapt} methods for {@link Runnable}
171 > * and {@link Callable}, that may be of use when mixing execution of
172 > * {@code ForkJoinTasks} with other kinds of tasks. When all tasks are
173 > * of this form, consider using a pool constructed in <em>asyncMode</em>.
174 > *
175 > * <p>ForkJoinTasks are {@code Serializable}, which enables them to be
176 > * used in extensions such as remote execution frameworks. It is
177 > * sensible to serialize tasks only before or after, but not during,
178 > * execution. Serialization is not relied on during execution itself.
179   *
180   * @since 1.7
181   * @author Doug Lea
182   */
183   public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> implements Future<V>, Serializable {
184  
185 <    /**
186 <     * Run control status bits packed into a single int to minimize
187 <     * footprint and to ensure atomicity (via CAS).  Status is
188 <     * initially zero, and takes on nonnegative values until
189 <     * completed, upon which status holds COMPLETED. CANCELLED, or
190 <     * EXCEPTIONAL, which use the top 3 bits.  Tasks undergoing
191 <     * blocking waits by other threads have SIGNAL_MASK bits set --
192 <     * bit 15 for external (nonFJ) waits, and the rest a count of
193 <     * waiting FJ threads.  (This representation relies on
194 <     * ForkJoinPool max thread limits). Completion of a stolen task
195 <     * with SIGNAL_MASK bits set awakens waiter via notifyAll. Even
196 <     * though suboptimal for some purposes, we use basic builtin
197 <     * wait/notify to take advantage of "monitor inflation" in JVMs
198 <     * that we would otherwise need to emulate to avoid adding further
199 <     * per-task bookkeeping overhead. Note that bits 16-28 are
200 <     * currently unused. Also value 0x80000000 is available as spare
201 <     * completion value.
202 <     */
203 <    volatile int status; // accessed directly by pool and workers
204 <
205 <    static final int COMPLETION_MASK      = 0xe0000000;
206 <    static final int NORMAL               = 0xe0000000; // == mask
207 <    static final int CANCELLED            = 0xc0000000;
208 <    static final int EXCEPTIONAL          = 0xa0000000;
209 <    static final int SIGNAL_MASK          = 0x0000ffff;
210 <    static final int INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK = 0x00007fff;
211 <    static final int EXTERNAL_SIGNAL      = 0x00008000; // top bit of low word
212 <
213 <    /**
214 <     * Table of exceptions thrown by tasks, to enable reporting by
215 <     * callers. Because exceptions are rare, we don't directly keep
216 <     * them with task objects, but instead use a weak ref table.  Note
217 <     * that cancellation exceptions don't appear in the table, but are
218 <     * instead recorded as status values.
155 <     * TODO: Use ConcurrentReferenceHashMap
185 >    /*
186 >     * See the internal documentation of class ForkJoinPool for a
187 >     * general implementation overview.  ForkJoinTasks are mainly
188 >     * responsible for maintaining their "status" field amidst relays
189 >     * to methods in ForkJoinWorkerThread and ForkJoinPool.
190 >     *
191 >     * The methods of this class are more-or-less layered into
192 >     * (1) basic status maintenance
193 >     * (2) execution and awaiting completion
194 >     * (3) user-level methods that additionally report results.
195 >     * This is sometimes hard to see because this file orders exported
196 >     * methods in a way that flows well in javadocs.
197 >     */
198 >
199 >    /*
200 >     * The status field holds run control status bits packed into a
201 >     * single int to minimize footprint and to ensure atomicity (via
202 >     * CAS).  Status is initially zero, and takes on nonnegative
203 >     * values until completed, upon which status (anded with
204 >     * DONE_MASK) holds value NORMAL, CANCELLED, or EXCEPTIONAL. Tasks
205 >     * undergoing blocking waits by other threads have the SIGNAL bit
206 >     * set.  Completion of a stolen task with SIGNAL set awakens any
207 >     * waiters via notifyAll. Even though suboptimal for some
208 >     * purposes, we use basic builtin wait/notify to take advantage of
209 >     * "monitor inflation" in JVMs that we would otherwise need to
210 >     * emulate to avoid adding further per-task bookkeeping overhead.
211 >     * We want these monitors to be "fat", i.e., not use biasing or
212 >     * thin-lock techniques, so use some odd coding idioms that tend
213 >     * to avoid them, mainly by arranging that every synchronized
214 >     * block performs a wait, notifyAll or both.
215 >     *
216 >     * These control bits occupy only (some of) the upper half (16
217 >     * bits) of status field. The lower bits are used for user-defined
218 >     * tags.
219       */
157    static final Map<ForkJoinTask<?>, Throwable> exceptionMap =
158        Collections.synchronizedMap
159        (new WeakHashMap<ForkJoinTask<?>, Throwable>());
220  
221 <    // within-package utilities
221 >    /** The run status of this task */
222 >    volatile int status; // accessed directly by pool and workers
223 >    static final int DONE_MASK   = 0xf0000000;  // mask out non-completion bits
224 >    static final int NORMAL      = 0xf0000000;  // must be negative
225 >    static final int CANCELLED   = 0xc0000000;  // must be < NORMAL
226 >    static final int EXCEPTIONAL = 0x80000000;  // must be < CANCELLED
227 >    static final int SIGNAL      = 0x00010000;  // must be >= 1 << 16
228 >    static final int SMASK       = 0x0000ffff;  // short bits for tags
229  
230      /**
231 <     * Gets current worker thread, or null if not a worker thread.
231 >     * Marks completion and wakes up threads waiting to join this
232 >     * task.
233 >     *
234 >     * @param completion one of NORMAL, CANCELLED, EXCEPTIONAL
235 >     * @return completion status on exit
236       */
237 <    static ForkJoinWorkerThread getWorker() {
238 <        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
239 <        return ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
240 <                (ForkJoinWorkerThread) t : null);
237 >    private int setCompletion(int completion) {
238 >        for (int s;;) {
239 >            if ((s = status) < 0)
240 >                return s;
241 >            if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s, s | completion)) {
242 >                if ((s >>> 16) != 0)
243 >                    synchronized (this) { notifyAll(); }
244 >                return completion;
245 >            }
246 >        }
247      }
248  
249 <    final boolean casStatus(int cmp, int val) {
250 <        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, statusOffset, cmp, val);
249 >    /**
250 >     * Primary execution method for stolen tasks. Unless done, calls
251 >     * exec and records status if completed, but doesn't wait for
252 >     * completion otherwise.
253 >     *
254 >     * @return status on exit from this method
255 >     */
256 >    final int doExec() {
257 >        int s; boolean completed;
258 >        if ((s = status) >= 0) {
259 >            try {
260 >                completed = exec();
261 >            } catch (Throwable rex) {
262 >                return setExceptionalCompletion(rex);
263 >            }
264 >            if (completed)
265 >                s = setCompletion(NORMAL);
266 >        }
267 >        return s;
268      }
269  
270      /**
271 <     * Workaround for not being able to rethrow unchecked exceptions.
271 >     * Tries to set SIGNAL status unless already completed. Used by
272 >     * ForkJoinPool. Other variants are directly incorporated into
273 >     * externalAwaitDone etc.
274 >     *
275 >     * @return true if successful
276       */
277 <    static void rethrowException(Throwable ex) {
278 <        if (ex != null)
279 <            UNSAFE.throwException(ex);
277 >    final boolean trySetSignal() {
278 >        int s = status;
279 >        return s >= 0 && U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s, s | SIGNAL);
280      }
281  
184    // Setting completion status
185
282      /**
283 <     * Marks completion and wakes up threads waiting to join this task.
284 <     *
189 <     * @param completion one of NORMAL, CANCELLED, EXCEPTIONAL
283 >     * Blocks a non-worker-thread until completion.
284 >     * @return status upon completion
285       */
286 <    final void setCompletion(int completion) {
287 <        ForkJoinPool pool = getPool();
288 <        if (pool != null) {
289 <            int s; // Clear signal bits while setting completion status
290 <            do {} while ((s = status) >= 0 && !casStatus(s, completion));
291 <
292 <            if ((s & SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) {
293 <                if ((s &= INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0)
294 <                    pool.updateRunningCount(s);
295 <                synchronized (this) { notifyAll(); }
286 >    private int externalAwaitDone() {
287 >        int s;
288 >        ForkJoinPool.externalHelpJoin(this);
289 >        boolean interrupted = false;
290 >        while ((s = status) >= 0) {
291 >            if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s, s | SIGNAL)) {
292 >                synchronized (this) {
293 >                    if (status >= 0) {
294 >                        try {
295 >                            wait();
296 >                        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
297 >                            interrupted = true;
298 >                        }
299 >                    }
300 >                    else
301 >                        notifyAll();
302 >                }
303              }
304          }
305 <        else
306 <            externallySetCompletion(completion);
305 >        if (interrupted)
306 >            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
307 >        return s;
308      }
309  
310      /**
311 <     * Version of setCompletion for non-FJ threads.  Leaves signal
209 <     * bits for unblocked threads to adjust, and always notifies.
311 >     * Blocks a non-worker-thread until completion or interruption.
312       */
313 <    private void externallySetCompletion(int completion) {
313 >    private int externalInterruptibleAwaitDone() throws InterruptedException {
314          int s;
315 <        do {} while ((s = status) >= 0 &&
316 <                     !casStatus(s, (s & SIGNAL_MASK) | completion));
317 <        synchronized (this) { notifyAll(); }
315 >        if (Thread.interrupted())
316 >            throw new InterruptedException();
317 >        ForkJoinPool.externalHelpJoin(this);
318 >        while ((s = status) >= 0) {
319 >            if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s, s | SIGNAL)) {
320 >                synchronized (this) {
321 >                    if (status >= 0)
322 >                        wait();
323 >                    else
324 >                        notifyAll();
325 >                }
326 >            }
327 >        }
328 >        return s;
329      }
330  
331 +
332      /**
333 <     * Sets status to indicate normal completion.
333 >     * Implementation for join, get, quietlyJoin. Directly handles
334 >     * only cases of already-completed, external wait, and
335 >     * unfork+exec.  Others are relayed to ForkJoinPool.awaitJoin.
336 >     *
337 >     * @return status upon completion
338       */
339 <    final void setNormalCompletion() {
340 <        // Try typical fast case -- single CAS, no signal, not already done.
341 <        // Manually expand casStatus to improve chances of inlining it
342 <        if (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, statusOffset, 0, NORMAL))
343 <            setCompletion(NORMAL);
339 >    private int doJoin() {
340 >        int s; Thread t; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt; ForkJoinPool.WorkQueue w;
341 >        return (s = status) < 0 ? s :
342 >            ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
343 >            (w = (wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue).
344 >            tryUnpush(this) && (s = doExec()) < 0 ? s :
345 >            wt.pool.awaitJoin(w, this) :
346 >            externalAwaitDone();
347      }
348  
228    // internal waiting and notification
229
349      /**
350 <     * Performs the actual monitor wait for awaitDone.
350 >     * Implementation for invoke, quietlyInvoke.
351 >     *
352 >     * @return status upon completion
353       */
354 <    private void doAwaitDone() {
355 <        // Minimize lock bias and in/de-flation effects by maximizing
356 <        // chances of waiting inside sync
357 <        try {
358 <            while (status >= 0)
359 <                synchronized (this) { if (status >= 0) wait(); }
239 <        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
240 <            onInterruptedWait();
241 <        }
354 >    private int doInvoke() {
355 >        int s; Thread t; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt;
356 >        return (s = doExec()) < 0 ? s :
357 >            ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
358 >            (wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool.awaitJoin(wt.workQueue, this) :
359 >            externalAwaitDone();
360      }
361  
362 +    // Exception table support
363 +
364      /**
365 <     * Performs the actual timed monitor wait for awaitDone.
365 >     * Table of exceptions thrown by tasks, to enable reporting by
366 >     * callers. Because exceptions are rare, we don't directly keep
367 >     * them with task objects, but instead use a weak ref table.  Note
368 >     * that cancellation exceptions don't appear in the table, but are
369 >     * instead recorded as status values.
370 >     *
371 >     * Note: These statics are initialized below in static block.
372       */
373 <    private void doAwaitDone(long startTime, long nanos) {
374 <        synchronized (this) {
375 <            try {
250 <                while (status >= 0) {
251 <                    long nt = nanos - System.nanoTime() - startTime;
252 <                    if (nt <= 0)
253 <                        break;
254 <                    wait(nt / 1000000, (int) (nt % 1000000));
255 <                }
256 <            } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
257 <                onInterruptedWait();
258 <            }
259 <        }
260 <    }
373 >    private static final ExceptionNode[] exceptionTable;
374 >    private static final ReentrantLock exceptionTableLock;
375 >    private static final ReferenceQueue<Object> exceptionTableRefQueue;
376  
377 <    // Awaiting completion
377 >    /**
378 >     * Fixed capacity for exceptionTable.
379 >     */
380 >    private static final int EXCEPTION_MAP_CAPACITY = 32;
381  
382      /**
383 <     * Sets status to indicate there is joiner, then waits for join,
384 <     * surrounded with pool notifications.
385 <     *
386 <     * @return status upon exit
383 >     * Key-value nodes for exception table.  The chained hash table
384 >     * uses identity comparisons, full locking, and weak references
385 >     * for keys. The table has a fixed capacity because it only
386 >     * maintains task exceptions long enough for joiners to access
387 >     * them, so should never become very large for sustained
388 >     * periods. However, since we do not know when the last joiner
389 >     * completes, we must use weak references and expunge them. We do
390 >     * so on each operation (hence full locking). Also, some thread in
391 >     * any ForkJoinPool will call helpExpungeStaleExceptions when its
392 >     * pool becomes isQuiescent.
393       */
394 <    private int awaitDone(ForkJoinWorkerThread w,
395 <                          boolean maintainParallelism) {
396 <        ForkJoinPool pool = (w == null) ? null : w.pool;
397 <        int s;
398 <        while ((s = status) >= 0) {
399 <            if (casStatus(s, (pool == null) ? s|EXTERNAL_SIGNAL : s+1)) {
400 <                if (pool == null || !pool.preJoin(this, maintainParallelism))
401 <                    doAwaitDone();
402 <                if (((s = status) & INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0)
279 <                    adjustPoolCountsOnUnblock(pool);
280 <                break;
281 <            }
394 >    static final class ExceptionNode extends WeakReference<ForkJoinTask<?>> {
395 >        final Throwable ex;
396 >        ExceptionNode next;
397 >        final long thrower;  // use id not ref to avoid weak cycles
398 >        ExceptionNode(ForkJoinTask<?> task, Throwable ex, ExceptionNode next) {
399 >            super(task, exceptionTableRefQueue);
400 >            this.ex = ex;
401 >            this.next = next;
402 >            this.thrower = Thread.currentThread().getId();
403          }
283        return s;
404      }
405  
406      /**
407 <     * Timed version of awaitDone
407 >     * Records exception and sets status.
408       *
409 <     * @return status upon exit
409 >     * @return status on exit
410       */
411 <    private int awaitDone(ForkJoinWorkerThread w, long nanos) {
292 <        ForkJoinPool pool = (w == null) ? null : w.pool;
411 >    final int recordExceptionalCompletion(Throwable ex) {
412          int s;
413 <        while ((s = status) >= 0) {
414 <            if (casStatus(s, (pool == null) ? s|EXTERNAL_SIGNAL : s+1)) {
415 <                long startTime = System.nanoTime();
416 <                if (pool == null || !pool.preJoin(this, false))
417 <                    doAwaitDone(startTime, nanos);
418 <                if ((s = status) >= 0) {
419 <                    adjustPoolCountsOnCancelledWait(pool);
420 <                    s = status;
413 >        if ((s = status) >= 0) {
414 >            int h = System.identityHashCode(this);
415 >            final ReentrantLock lock = exceptionTableLock;
416 >            lock.lock();
417 >            try {
418 >                expungeStaleExceptions();
419 >                ExceptionNode[] t = exceptionTable;
420 >                int i = h & (t.length - 1);
421 >                for (ExceptionNode e = t[i]; ; e = e.next) {
422 >                    if (e == null) {
423 >                        t[i] = new ExceptionNode(this, ex, t[i]);
424 >                        break;
425 >                    }
426 >                    if (e.get() == this) // already present
427 >                        break;
428                  }
429 <                if (s < 0 && (s & INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0)
430 <                    adjustPoolCountsOnUnblock(pool);
305 <                break;
429 >            } finally {
430 >                lock.unlock();
431              }
432 +            s = setCompletion(EXCEPTIONAL);
433          }
434          return s;
435      }
436  
437      /**
438 <     * Notifies pool that thread is unblocked. Called by signalled
439 <     * threads when woken by non-FJ threads (which is atypical).
438 >     * Records exception and possibly propagates.
439 >     *
440 >     * @return status on exit
441       */
442 <    private void adjustPoolCountsOnUnblock(ForkJoinPool pool) {
443 <        int s;
444 <        do {} while ((s = status) < 0 && !casStatus(s, s & COMPLETION_MASK));
445 <        if (pool != null && (s &= INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0)
446 <            pool.updateRunningCount(s);
442 >    private int setExceptionalCompletion(Throwable ex) {
443 >        int s = recordExceptionalCompletion(ex);
444 >        if ((s & DONE_MASK) == EXCEPTIONAL)
445 >            internalPropagateException(ex);
446 >        return s;
447      }
448  
449      /**
450 <     * Notifies pool to adjust counts on cancelled or timed out wait.
450 >     * Hook for exception propagation support for tasks with completers.
451       */
452 <    private void adjustPoolCountsOnCancelledWait(ForkJoinPool pool) {
326 <        if (pool != null) {
327 <            int s;
328 <            while ((s = status) >= 0 && (s & INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK) != 0) {
329 <                if (casStatus(s, s - 1)) {
330 <                    pool.updateRunningCount(1);
331 <                    break;
332 <                }
333 <            }
334 <        }
452 >    void internalPropagateException(Throwable ex) {
453      }
454  
455      /**
456 <     * Handles interruptions during waits.
456 >     * Cancels, ignoring any exceptions thrown by cancel. Used during
457 >     * worker and pool shutdown. Cancel is spec'ed not to throw any
458 >     * exceptions, but if it does anyway, we have no recourse during
459 >     * shutdown, so guard against this case.
460       */
461 <    private void onInterruptedWait() {
462 <        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker();
463 <        if (w == null)
464 <            Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // re-interrupt
465 <        else if (w.isTerminating())
466 <            cancelIgnoringExceptions();
346 <        // else if FJworker, ignore interrupt
347 <    }
348 <
349 <    // Recording and reporting exceptions
350 <
351 <    private void setDoneExceptionally(Throwable rex) {
352 <        exceptionMap.put(this, rex);
353 <        setCompletion(EXCEPTIONAL);
354 <    }
355 <
356 <    /**
357 <     * Throws the exception associated with status s.
358 <     *
359 <     * @throws the exception
360 <     */
361 <    private void reportException(int s) {
362 <        if ((s &= COMPLETION_MASK) < NORMAL) {
363 <            if (s == CANCELLED)
364 <                throw new CancellationException();
365 <            else
366 <                rethrowException(exceptionMap.get(this));
461 >    static final void cancelIgnoringExceptions(ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
462 >        if (t != null && t.status >= 0) {
463 >            try {
464 >                t.cancel(false);
465 >            } catch (Throwable ignore) {
466 >            }
467          }
468      }
469  
470      /**
471 <     * Returns result or throws exception using j.u.c.Future conventions.
372 <     * Only call when {@code isDone} known to be true.
471 >     * Removes exception node and clears status
472       */
473 <    private V reportFutureResult()
474 <        throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
475 <        int s = status & COMPLETION_MASK;
476 <        if (s < NORMAL) {
477 <            Throwable ex;
478 <            if (s == CANCELLED)
479 <                throw new CancellationException();
480 <            if (s == EXCEPTIONAL && (ex = exceptionMap.get(this)) != null)
481 <                throw new ExecutionException(ex);
482 <            if (Thread.interrupted())
483 <                throw new InterruptedException();
473 >    private void clearExceptionalCompletion() {
474 >        int h = System.identityHashCode(this);
475 >        final ReentrantLock lock = exceptionTableLock;
476 >        lock.lock();
477 >        try {
478 >            ExceptionNode[] t = exceptionTable;
479 >            int i = h & (t.length - 1);
480 >            ExceptionNode e = t[i];
481 >            ExceptionNode pred = null;
482 >            while (e != null) {
483 >                ExceptionNode next = e.next;
484 >                if (e.get() == this) {
485 >                    if (pred == null)
486 >                        t[i] = next;
487 >                    else
488 >                        pred.next = next;
489 >                    break;
490 >                }
491 >                pred = e;
492 >                e = next;
493 >            }
494 >            expungeStaleExceptions();
495 >            status = 0;
496 >        } finally {
497 >            lock.unlock();
498          }
386        return getRawResult();
499      }
500  
501      /**
502 <     * Returns result or throws exception using j.u.c.Future conventions
503 <     * with timeouts.
502 >     * Returns a rethrowable exception for the given task, if
503 >     * available. To provide accurate stack traces, if the exception
504 >     * was not thrown by the current thread, we try to create a new
505 >     * exception of the same type as the one thrown, but with the
506 >     * recorded exception as its cause. If there is no such
507 >     * constructor, we instead try to use a no-arg constructor,
508 >     * followed by initCause, to the same effect. If none of these
509 >     * apply, or any fail due to other exceptions, we return the
510 >     * recorded exception, which is still correct, although it may
511 >     * contain a misleading stack trace.
512 >     *
513 >     * @return the exception, or null if none
514       */
515 <    private V reportTimedFutureResult()
516 <        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
515 >    private Throwable getThrowableException() {
516 >        if ((status & DONE_MASK) != EXCEPTIONAL)
517 >            return null;
518 >        int h = System.identityHashCode(this);
519 >        ExceptionNode e;
520 >        final ReentrantLock lock = exceptionTableLock;
521 >        lock.lock();
522 >        try {
523 >            expungeStaleExceptions();
524 >            ExceptionNode[] t = exceptionTable;
525 >            e = t[h & (t.length - 1)];
526 >            while (e != null && e.get() != this)
527 >                e = e.next;
528 >        } finally {
529 >            lock.unlock();
530 >        }
531          Throwable ex;
532 <        int s = status & COMPLETION_MASK;
533 <        if (s == NORMAL)
534 <            return getRawResult();
535 <        if (s == CANCELLED)
536 <            throw new CancellationException();
537 <        if (s == EXCEPTIONAL && (ex = exceptionMap.get(this)) != null)
538 <            throw new ExecutionException(ex);
539 <        if (Thread.interrupted())
540 <            throw new InterruptedException();
541 <        throw new TimeoutException();
532 >        if (e == null || (ex = e.ex) == null)
533 >            return null;
534 >        if (false && e.thrower != Thread.currentThread().getId()) {
535 >            Class<? extends Throwable> ec = ex.getClass();
536 >            try {
537 >                Constructor<?> noArgCtor = null;
538 >                Constructor<?>[] cs = ec.getConstructors();// public ctors only
539 >                for (int i = 0; i < cs.length; ++i) {
540 >                    Constructor<?> c = cs[i];
541 >                    Class<?>[] ps = c.getParameterTypes();
542 >                    if (ps.length == 0)
543 >                        noArgCtor = c;
544 >                    else if (ps.length == 1 && ps[0] == Throwable.class)
545 >                        return (Throwable)(c.newInstance(ex));
546 >                }
547 >                if (noArgCtor != null) {
548 >                    Throwable wx = (Throwable)(noArgCtor.newInstance());
549 >                    wx.initCause(ex);
550 >                    return wx;
551 >                }
552 >            } catch (Exception ignore) {
553 >            }
554 >        }
555 >        return ex;
556      }
557  
408    // internal execution methods
409
558      /**
559 <     * Calls exec, recording completion, and rethrowing exception if
412 <     * encountered. Caller should normally check status before calling.
413 <     *
414 <     * @return true if completed normally
559 >     * Poll stale refs and remove them. Call only while holding lock.
560       */
561 <    private boolean tryExec() {
562 <        try { // try block must contain only call to exec
563 <            if (!exec())
564 <                return false;
565 <        } catch (Throwable rex) {
566 <            setDoneExceptionally(rex);
567 <            rethrowException(rex);
568 <            return false; // not reached
561 >    private static void expungeStaleExceptions() {
562 >        for (Object x; (x = exceptionTableRefQueue.poll()) != null;) {
563 >            if (x instanceof ExceptionNode) {
564 >                ForkJoinTask<?> key = ((ExceptionNode)x).get();
565 >                ExceptionNode[] t = exceptionTable;
566 >                int i = System.identityHashCode(key) & (t.length - 1);
567 >                ExceptionNode e = t[i];
568 >                ExceptionNode pred = null;
569 >                while (e != null) {
570 >                    ExceptionNode next = e.next;
571 >                    if (e == x) {
572 >                        if (pred == null)
573 >                            t[i] = next;
574 >                        else
575 >                            pred.next = next;
576 >                        break;
577 >                    }
578 >                    pred = e;
579 >                    e = next;
580 >                }
581 >            }
582          }
425        setNormalCompletion();
426        return true;
583      }
584  
585      /**
586 <     * Main execution method used by worker threads. Invokes
587 <     * base computation unless already complete.
586 >     * If lock is available, poll stale refs and remove them.
587 >     * Called from ForkJoinPool when pools become quiescent.
588       */
589 <    final void quietlyExec() {
590 <        if (status >= 0) {
589 >    static final void helpExpungeStaleExceptions() {
590 >        final ReentrantLock lock = exceptionTableLock;
591 >        if (lock.tryLock()) {
592              try {
593 <                if (!exec())
594 <                    return;
595 <            } catch (Throwable rex) {
439 <                setDoneExceptionally(rex);
440 <                return;
593 >                expungeStaleExceptions();
594 >            } finally {
595 >                lock.unlock();
596              }
442            setNormalCompletion();
597          }
598      }
599  
600      /**
601 <     * Calls exec(), recording but not rethrowing exception.
448 <     * Caller should normally check status before calling.
449 <     *
450 <     * @return true if completed normally
601 >     * A version of "sneaky throw" to relay exceptions
602       */
603 <    private boolean tryQuietlyInvoke() {
604 <        try {
605 <            if (!exec())
606 <                return false;
607 <        } catch (Throwable rex) {
608 <            setDoneExceptionally(rex);
609 <            return false;
603 >    static void rethrow(final Throwable ex) {
604 >        if (ex != null) {
605 >            if (ex instanceof Error)
606 >                throw (Error)ex;
607 >            if (ex instanceof RuntimeException)
608 >                throw (RuntimeException)ex;
609 >            ForkJoinTask.<RuntimeException>uncheckedThrow(ex);
610          }
460        setNormalCompletion();
461        return true;
611      }
612  
613      /**
614 <     * Cancels, ignoring any exceptions it throws.
614 >     * The sneaky part of sneaky throw, relying on generics
615 >     * limitations to evade compiler complaints about rethrowing
616 >     * unchecked exceptions
617       */
618 <    final void cancelIgnoringExceptions() {
619 <        try {
620 <            cancel(false);
621 <        } catch (Throwable ignore) {
471 <        }
618 >    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") static <T extends Throwable>
619 >        void uncheckedThrow(Throwable t) throws T {
620 >        if (t != null)
621 >            throw (T)t; // rely on vacuous cast
622      }
623  
624      /**
625 <     * Main implementation of helpJoin
625 >     * Throws exception, if any, associated with the given status.
626       */
627 <    private int busyJoin(ForkJoinWorkerThread w) {
628 <        int s;
629 <        ForkJoinTask<?> t;
630 <        while ((s = status) >= 0 && (t = w.scanWhileJoining(this)) != null)
631 <            t.quietlyExec();
482 <        return (s >= 0) ? awaitDone(w, false) : s; // block if no work
627 >    private void reportException(int s) {
628 >        if (s == CANCELLED)
629 >            throw new CancellationException();
630 >        if (s == EXCEPTIONAL)
631 >            rethrow(getThrowableException());
632      }
633  
634      // public methods
635  
636      /**
637 <     * Arranges to asynchronously execute this task.  While it is not
638 <     * necessarily enforced, it is a usage error to fork a task more
639 <     * than once unless it has completed and been reinitialized.  This
640 <     * method may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask
641 <     * computations (as may be determined using method {@link
642 <     * #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts result
643 <     * in exceptions or errors, possibly including ClassCastException.
637 >     * Arranges to asynchronously execute this task in the pool the
638 >     * current task is running in, if applicable, or using the {@link
639 >     * ForkJoinPool#commonPool()} if not {@link #inForkJoinPool}.  While
640 >     * it is not necessarily enforced, it is a usage error to fork a
641 >     * task more than once unless it has completed and been
642 >     * reinitialized.  Subsequent modifications to the state of this
643 >     * task or any data it operates on are not necessarily
644 >     * consistently observable by any thread other than the one
645 >     * executing it unless preceded by a call to {@link #join} or
646 >     * related methods, or a call to {@link #isDone} returning {@code
647 >     * true}.
648       *
649 <     * @return <code>this</code>, to simplify usage.
649 >     * @return {@code this}, to simplify usage
650       */
651      public final ForkJoinTask<V> fork() {
652 <        ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
653 <            .pushTask(this);
652 >        Thread t;
653 >        if ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)
654 >            ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue.push(this);
655 >        else
656 >            ForkJoinPool.common.externalPush(this);
657          return this;
658      }
659  
660      /**
661 <     * Returns the result of the computation when it is ready.
662 <     * This method differs from {@code get} in that abnormal
663 <     * completion results in RuntimeExceptions or Errors, not
664 <     * ExecutionExceptions.
661 >     * Returns the result of the computation when it {@link #isDone is
662 >     * done}.  This method differs from {@link #get()} in that
663 >     * abnormal completion results in {@code RuntimeException} or
664 >     * {@code Error}, not {@code ExecutionException}, and that
665 >     * interrupts of the calling thread do <em>not</em> cause the
666 >     * method to abruptly return by throwing {@code
667 >     * InterruptedException}.
668       *
669       * @return the computed result
670       */
671      public final V join() {
672 <        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker();
673 <        if (w == null || status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryExec())
674 <            reportException(awaitDone(w, true));
672 >        int s;
673 >        if ((s = doJoin() & DONE_MASK) != NORMAL)
674 >            reportException(s);
675          return getRawResult();
676      }
677  
678      /**
679       * Commences performing this task, awaits its completion if
680 <     * necessary, and return its result.
680 >     * necessary, and returns its result, or throws an (unchecked)
681 >     * {@code RuntimeException} or {@code Error} if the underlying
682 >     * computation did so.
683       *
523     * @throws Throwable (a RuntimeException, Error, or unchecked
524     * exception) if the underlying computation did so
684       * @return the computed result
685       */
686      public final V invoke() {
687 <        if (status >= 0 && tryExec())
688 <            return getRawResult();
689 <        else
690 <            return join();
687 >        int s;
688 >        if ((s = doInvoke() & DONE_MASK) != NORMAL)
689 >            reportException(s);
690 >        return getRawResult();
691      }
692  
693      /**
694 <     * Forks both tasks, returning when {@code isDone} holds for
695 <     * both of them or an exception is encountered. This method may be
696 <     * invoked only from within ForkJoinTask computations (as may be
697 <     * determined using method {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to
698 <     * invoke in other contexts result in exceptions or errors,
699 <     * possibly including ClassCastException.
700 <     *
701 <     * @param t1 one task
702 <     * @param t2 the other task
703 <     * @throws NullPointerException if t1 or t2 are null
704 <     * @throws RuntimeException or Error if either task did so
694 >     * Forks the given tasks, returning when {@code isDone} holds for
695 >     * each task or an (unchecked) exception is encountered, in which
696 >     * case the exception is rethrown. If more than one task
697 >     * encounters an exception, then this method throws any one of
698 >     * these exceptions. If any task encounters an exception, the
699 >     * other may be cancelled. However, the execution status of
700 >     * individual tasks is not guaranteed upon exceptional return. The
701 >     * status of each task may be obtained using {@link
702 >     * #getException()} and related methods to check if they have been
703 >     * cancelled, completed normally or exceptionally, or left
704 >     * unprocessed.
705 >     *
706 >     * @param t1 the first task
707 >     * @param t2 the second task
708 >     * @throws NullPointerException if any task is null
709       */
710 <    public static void invokeAll(ForkJoinTask<?>t1, ForkJoinTask<?> t2) {
710 >    public static void invokeAll(ForkJoinTask<?> t1, ForkJoinTask<?> t2) {
711 >        int s1, s2;
712          t2.fork();
713 <        t1.invoke();
714 <        t2.join();
713 >        if ((s1 = t1.doInvoke() & DONE_MASK) != NORMAL)
714 >            t1.reportException(s1);
715 >        if ((s2 = t2.doJoin() & DONE_MASK) != NORMAL)
716 >            t2.reportException(s2);
717      }
718  
719      /**
720 <     * Forks the given tasks, returning when {@code isDone} holds
721 <     * for all of them. If any task encounters an exception, others
722 <     * may be cancelled.  This method may be invoked only from within
723 <     * ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method
724 <     * {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts
725 <     * result in exceptions or errors, possibly including
726 <     * ClassCastException.
720 >     * Forks the given tasks, returning when {@code isDone} holds for
721 >     * each task or an (unchecked) exception is encountered, in which
722 >     * case the exception is rethrown. If more than one task
723 >     * encounters an exception, then this method throws any one of
724 >     * these exceptions. If any task encounters an exception, others
725 >     * may be cancelled. However, the execution status of individual
726 >     * tasks is not guaranteed upon exceptional return. The status of
727 >     * each task may be obtained using {@link #getException()} and
728 >     * related methods to check if they have been cancelled, completed
729 >     * normally or exceptionally, or left unprocessed.
730       *
731 <     * @param tasks the array of tasks
732 <     * @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any element are null
564 <     * @throws RuntimeException or Error if any task did so
731 >     * @param tasks the tasks
732 >     * @throws NullPointerException if any task is null
733       */
734      public static void invokeAll(ForkJoinTask<?>... tasks) {
735          Throwable ex = null;
# Line 574 | Line 742 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
742              }
743              else if (i != 0)
744                  t.fork();
745 <            else {
746 <                t.quietlyInvoke();
579 <                if (ex == null)
580 <                    ex = t.getException();
581 <            }
745 >            else if (t.doInvoke() < NORMAL && ex == null)
746 >                ex = t.getException();
747          }
748          for (int i = 1; i <= last; ++i) {
749              ForkJoinTask<?> t = tasks[i];
750              if (t != null) {
751                  if (ex != null)
752                      t.cancel(false);
753 <                else {
754 <                    t.quietlyJoin();
590 <                    if (ex == null)
591 <                        ex = t.getException();
592 <                }
753 >                else if (t.doJoin() < NORMAL)
754 >                    ex = t.getException();
755              }
756          }
757          if (ex != null)
758 <            rethrowException(ex);
758 >            rethrow(ex);
759      }
760  
761      /**
762 <     * Forks all tasks in the collection, returning when
763 <     * {@code isDone} holds for all of them. If any task
764 <     * encounters an exception, others may be cancelled.  This method
765 <     * may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask computations (as
766 <     * may be determined using method {@link
767 <     * #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts result
768 <     * in exceptions or errors, possibly including ClassCastException.
762 >     * Forks all tasks in the specified collection, returning when
763 >     * {@code isDone} holds for each task or an (unchecked) exception
764 >     * is encountered, in which case the exception is rethrown. If
765 >     * more than one task encounters an exception, then this method
766 >     * throws any one of these exceptions. If any task encounters an
767 >     * exception, others may be cancelled. However, the execution
768 >     * status of individual tasks is not guaranteed upon exceptional
769 >     * return. The status of each task may be obtained using {@link
770 >     * #getException()} and related methods to check if they have been
771 >     * cancelled, completed normally or exceptionally, or left
772 >     * unprocessed.
773       *
774       * @param tasks the collection of tasks
775       * @return the tasks argument, to simplify usage
776       * @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any element are null
611     * @throws RuntimeException or Error if any task did so
777       */
778      public static <T extends ForkJoinTask<?>> Collection<T> invokeAll(Collection<T> tasks) {
779 <        if (!(tasks instanceof List<?>)) {
779 >        if (!(tasks instanceof RandomAccess) || !(tasks instanceof List<?>)) {
780              invokeAll(tasks.toArray(new ForkJoinTask<?>[tasks.size()]));
781              return tasks;
782          }
# Line 628 | Line 793 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
793              }
794              else if (i != 0)
795                  t.fork();
796 <            else {
797 <                t.quietlyInvoke();
633 <                if (ex == null)
634 <                    ex = t.getException();
635 <            }
796 >            else if (t.doInvoke() < NORMAL && ex == null)
797 >                ex = t.getException();
798          }
799          for (int i = 1; i <= last; ++i) {
800              ForkJoinTask<?> t = ts.get(i);
801              if (t != null) {
802                  if (ex != null)
803                      t.cancel(false);
804 <                else {
805 <                    t.quietlyJoin();
644 <                    if (ex == null)
645 <                        ex = t.getException();
646 <                }
804 >                else if (t.doJoin() < NORMAL)
805 >                    ex = t.getException();
806              }
807          }
808          if (ex != null)
809 <            rethrowException(ex);
809 >            rethrow(ex);
810          return tasks;
811      }
812  
813      /**
814 <     * Returns true if the computation performed by this task has
815 <     * completed (or has been cancelled).
814 >     * Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
815 >     * fail if the task has already completed or could not be
816 >     * cancelled for some other reason. If successful, and this task
817 >     * has not started when {@code cancel} is called, execution of
818 >     * this task is suppressed. After this method returns
819 >     * successfully, unless there is an intervening call to {@link
820 >     * #reinitialize}, subsequent calls to {@link #isCancelled},
821 >     * {@link #isDone}, and {@code cancel} will return {@code true}
822 >     * and calls to {@link #join} and related methods will result in
823 >     * {@code CancellationException}.
824 >     *
825 >     * <p>This method may be overridden in subclasses, but if so, must
826 >     * still ensure that these properties hold. In particular, the
827 >     * {@code cancel} method itself must not throw exceptions.
828       *
829 <     * @return true if this computation has completed
829 >     * <p>This method is designed to be invoked by <em>other</em>
830 >     * tasks. To terminate the current task, you can just return or
831 >     * throw an unchecked exception from its computation method, or
832 >     * invoke {@link #completeExceptionally}.
833 >     *
834 >     * @param mayInterruptIfRunning this value has no effect in the
835 >     * default implementation because interrupts are not used to
836 >     * control cancellation.
837 >     *
838 >     * @return {@code true} if this task is now cancelled
839       */
840 +    public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
841 +        return (setCompletion(CANCELLED) & DONE_MASK) == CANCELLED;
842 +    }
843 +
844      public final boolean isDone() {
845          return status < 0;
846      }
847  
664    /**
665     * Returns true if this task was cancelled.
666     *
667     * @return true if this task was cancelled
668     */
848      public final boolean isCancelled() {
849 <        return (status & COMPLETION_MASK) == CANCELLED;
849 >        return (status & DONE_MASK) == CANCELLED;
850      }
851  
852      /**
853 <     * Asserts that the results of this task's computation will not be
675 <     * used. If a cancellation occurs before attempting to execute this
676 <     * task, then execution will be suppressed, {@code isCancelled}
677 <     * will report true, and {@code join} will result in a
678 <     * {@code CancellationException} being thrown. Otherwise, when
679 <     * cancellation races with completion, there are no guarantees
680 <     * about whether {@code isCancelled} will report true, whether
681 <     * {@code join} will return normally or via an exception, or
682 <     * whether these behaviors will remain consistent upon repeated
683 <     * invocation.
684 <     *
685 <     * <p>This method may be overridden in subclasses, but if so, must
686 <     * still ensure that these minimal properties hold. In particular,
687 <     * the cancel method itself must not throw exceptions.
688 <     *
689 <     * <p> This method is designed to be invoked by <em>other</em>
690 <     * tasks. To terminate the current task, you can just return or
691 <     * throw an unchecked exception from its computation method, or
692 <     * invoke {@code completeExceptionally}.
693 <     *
694 <     * @param mayInterruptIfRunning this value is ignored in the
695 <     * default implementation because tasks are not in general
696 <     * cancelled via interruption
853 >     * Returns {@code true} if this task threw an exception or was cancelled.
854       *
855 <     * @return true if this task is now cancelled
855 >     * @return {@code true} if this task threw an exception or was cancelled
856       */
857 <    public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
858 <        setCompletion(CANCELLED);
702 <        return (status & COMPLETION_MASK) == CANCELLED;
857 >    public final boolean isCompletedAbnormally() {
858 >        return status < NORMAL;
859      }
860  
861      /**
862 <     * Returns true if this task threw an exception or was cancelled.
862 >     * Returns {@code true} if this task completed without throwing an
863 >     * exception and was not cancelled.
864       *
865 <     * @return true if this task threw an exception or was cancelled
865 >     * @return {@code true} if this task completed without throwing an
866 >     * exception and was not cancelled
867       */
868 <    public final boolean isCompletedAbnormally() {
869 <        return (status & COMPLETION_MASK) < NORMAL;
868 >    public final boolean isCompletedNormally() {
869 >        return (status & DONE_MASK) == NORMAL;
870      }
871  
872      /**
873       * Returns the exception thrown by the base computation, or a
874 <     * CancellationException if cancelled, or null if none or if the
875 <     * method has not yet completed.
874 >     * {@code CancellationException} if cancelled, or {@code null} if
875 >     * none or if the method has not yet completed.
876       *
877 <     * @return the exception, or null if none
877 >     * @return the exception, or {@code null} if none
878       */
879      public final Throwable getException() {
880 <        int s = status & COMPLETION_MASK;
881 <        if (s >= NORMAL)
882 <            return null;
883 <        if (s == CANCELLED)
726 <            return new CancellationException();
727 <        return exceptionMap.get(this);
880 >        int s = status & DONE_MASK;
881 >        return ((s >= NORMAL)    ? null :
882 >                (s == CANCELLED) ? new CancellationException() :
883 >                getThrowableException());
884      }
885  
886      /**
# Line 733 | Line 889 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
889       * {@code join} and related operations. This method may be used
890       * to induce exceptions in asynchronous tasks, or to force
891       * completion of tasks that would not otherwise complete.  Its use
892 <     * in other situations is likely to be wrong.  This method is
892 >     * in other situations is discouraged.  This method is
893       * overridable, but overridden versions must invoke {@code super}
894       * implementation to maintain guarantees.
895       *
896 <     * @param ex the exception to throw. If this exception is
897 <     * not a RuntimeException or Error, the actual exception thrown
898 <     * will be a RuntimeException with cause ex.
896 >     * @param ex the exception to throw. If this exception is not a
897 >     * {@code RuntimeException} or {@code Error}, the actual exception
898 >     * thrown will be a {@code RuntimeException} with cause {@code ex}.
899       */
900      public void completeExceptionally(Throwable ex) {
901 <        setDoneExceptionally((ex instanceof RuntimeException) ||
902 <                             (ex instanceof Error) ? ex :
903 <                             new RuntimeException(ex));
901 >        setExceptionalCompletion((ex instanceof RuntimeException) ||
902 >                                 (ex instanceof Error) ? ex :
903 >                                 new RuntimeException(ex));
904      }
905  
906      /**
907       * Completes this task, and if not already aborted or cancelled,
908 <     * returning a {@code null} result upon {@code join} and related
909 <     * operations. This method may be used to provide results for
910 <     * asynchronous tasks, or to provide alternative handling for
911 <     * tasks that would not otherwise complete normally. Its use in
912 <     * other situations is likely to be wrong. This method is
913 <     * overridable, but overridden versions must invoke {@code super}
914 <     * implementation to maintain guarantees.
908 >     * returning the given value as the result of subsequent
909 >     * invocations of {@code join} and related operations. This method
910 >     * may be used to provide results for asynchronous tasks, or to
911 >     * provide alternative handling for tasks that would not otherwise
912 >     * complete normally. Its use in other situations is
913 >     * discouraged. This method is overridable, but overridden
914 >     * versions must invoke {@code super} implementation to maintain
915 >     * guarantees.
916       *
917       * @param value the result value for this task
918       */
# Line 763 | Line 920 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
920          try {
921              setRawResult(value);
922          } catch (Throwable rex) {
923 <            setDoneExceptionally(rex);
923 >            setExceptionalCompletion(rex);
924              return;
925          }
926 <        setNormalCompletion();
926 >        setCompletion(NORMAL);
927      }
928  
929 <    public final V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
930 <        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker();
931 <        if (w == null || status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke())
932 <            awaitDone(w, true);
933 <        return reportFutureResult();
934 <    }
935 <
936 <    public final V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
937 <        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
938 <        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker();
782 <        if (w == null || status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke())
783 <            awaitDone(w, unit.toNanos(timeout));
784 <        return reportTimedFutureResult();
929 >    /**
930 >     * Completes this task normally without setting a value. The most
931 >     * recent value established by {@link #setRawResult} (or {@code
932 >     * null} by default) will be returned as the result of subsequent
933 >     * invocations of {@code join} and related operations.
934 >     *
935 >     * @since 1.8
936 >     */
937 >    public final void quietlyComplete() {
938 >        setCompletion(NORMAL);
939      }
940  
941      /**
942 <     * Possibly executes other tasks until this task is ready, then
943 <     * returns the result of the computation.  This method may be more
790 <     * efficient than {@code join}, but is only applicable when
791 <     * there are no potential dependencies between continuation of the
792 <     * current task and that of any other task that might be executed
793 <     * while helping. (This usually holds for pure divide-and-conquer
794 <     * tasks). This method may be invoked only from within
795 <     * ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method
796 <     * {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts
797 <     * result in exceptions or errors, possibly including
798 <     * ClassCastException.
942 >     * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
943 >     * retrieves its result.
944       *
945       * @return the computed result
946 +     * @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
947 +     * @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
948 +     * exception
949 +     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is not a
950 +     * member of a ForkJoinPool and was interrupted while waiting
951       */
952 <    public final V helpJoin() {
953 <        ForkJoinWorkerThread w = (ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread();
954 <        if (status < 0 || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryExec())
955 <            reportException(busyJoin(w));
952 >    public final V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
953 >        int s = (Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
954 >            doJoin() : externalInterruptibleAwaitDone();
955 >        Throwable ex;
956 >        if ((s &= DONE_MASK) == CANCELLED)
957 >            throw new CancellationException();
958 >        if (s == EXCEPTIONAL && (ex = getThrowableException()) != null)
959 >            throw new ExecutionException(ex);
960          return getRawResult();
961      }
962  
963      /**
964 <     * Possibly executes other tasks until this task is ready.  This
965 <     * method may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask
966 <     * computations (as may be determined using method {@link
967 <     * #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts result
968 <     * in exceptions or errors, possibly including ClassCastException.
964 >     * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
965 >     * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
966 >     *
967 >     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
968 >     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
969 >     * @return the computed result
970 >     * @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
971 >     * @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
972 >     * exception
973 >     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is not a
974 >     * member of a ForkJoinPool and was interrupted while waiting
975 >     * @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
976       */
977 <    public final void quietlyHelpJoin() {
978 <        if (status >= 0) {
979 <            ForkJoinWorkerThread w =
980 <                (ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread();
981 <            if (!w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke())
982 <                busyJoin(w);
977 >    public final V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
978 >        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
979 >        if (Thread.interrupted())
980 >            throw new InterruptedException();
981 >        // Messy in part because we measure in nanosecs, but wait in millisecs
982 >        int s; long ms;
983 >        long ns = unit.toNanos(timeout);
984 >        if ((s = status) >= 0 && ns > 0L) {
985 >            long deadline = System.nanoTime() + ns;
986 >            ForkJoinPool p = null;
987 >            ForkJoinPool.WorkQueue w = null;
988 >            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
989 >            if (t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) {
990 >                ForkJoinWorkerThread wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t;
991 >                p = wt.pool;
992 >                w = wt.workQueue;
993 >                p.helpJoinOnce(w, this); // no retries on failure
994 >            }
995 >            else
996 >                ForkJoinPool.externalHelpJoin(this);
997 >            boolean canBlock = false;
998 >            boolean interrupted = false;
999 >            try {
1000 >                while ((s = status) >= 0) {
1001 >                    if (w != null && w.qlock < 0)
1002 >                        cancelIgnoringExceptions(this);
1003 >                    else if (!canBlock) {
1004 >                        if (p == null || p.tryCompensate())
1005 >                            canBlock = true;
1006 >                    }
1007 >                    else {
1008 >                        if ((ms = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(ns)) > 0L &&
1009 >                            U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s, s | SIGNAL)) {
1010 >                            synchronized (this) {
1011 >                                if (status >= 0) {
1012 >                                    try {
1013 >                                        wait(ms);
1014 >                                    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
1015 >                                        if (p == null)
1016 >                                            interrupted = true;
1017 >                                    }
1018 >                                }
1019 >                                else
1020 >                                    notifyAll();
1021 >                            }
1022 >                        }
1023 >                        if ((s = status) < 0 || interrupted ||
1024 >                            (ns = deadline - System.nanoTime()) <= 0L)
1025 >                            break;
1026 >                    }
1027 >                }
1028 >            } finally {
1029 >                if (p != null && canBlock)
1030 >                    p.incrementActiveCount();
1031 >            }
1032 >            if (interrupted)
1033 >                throw new InterruptedException();
1034 >        }
1035 >        if ((s &= DONE_MASK) != NORMAL) {
1036 >            Throwable ex;
1037 >            if (s == CANCELLED)
1038 >                throw new CancellationException();
1039 >            if (s != EXCEPTIONAL)
1040 >                throw new TimeoutException();
1041 >            if ((ex = getThrowableException()) != null)
1042 >                throw new ExecutionException(ex);
1043          }
1044 +        return getRawResult();
1045      }
1046  
1047      /**
1048 <     * Joins this task, without returning its result or throwing an
1048 >     * Joins this task, without returning its result or throwing its
1049       * exception. This method may be useful when processing
1050       * collections of tasks when some have been cancelled or otherwise
1051       * known to have aborted.
1052       */
1053      public final void quietlyJoin() {
1054 <        if (status >= 0) {
833 <            ForkJoinWorkerThread w = getWorker();
834 <            if (w == null || !w.unpushTask(this) || !tryQuietlyInvoke())
835 <                awaitDone(w, true);
836 <        }
1054 >        doJoin();
1055      }
1056  
1057      /**
1058       * Commences performing this task and awaits its completion if
1059 <     * necessary, without returning its result or throwing an
1060 <     * exception. This method may be useful when processing
843 <     * collections of tasks when some have been cancelled or otherwise
844 <     * known to have aborted.
1059 >     * necessary, without returning its result or throwing its
1060 >     * exception.
1061       */
1062      public final void quietlyInvoke() {
1063 <        if (status >= 0 && !tryQuietlyInvoke())
848 <            quietlyJoin();
1063 >        doInvoke();
1064      }
1065  
1066      /**
1067       * Possibly executes tasks until the pool hosting the current task
1068 <     * {@link ForkJoinPool#isQuiescent}. This method may be of use in
1069 <     * designs in which many tasks are forked, but none are explicitly
1070 <     * joined, instead executing them until all are processed.
1068 >     * {@link ForkJoinPool#isQuiescent is quiescent}. This method may
1069 >     * be of use in designs in which many tasks are forked, but none
1070 >     * are explicitly joined, instead executing them until all are
1071 >     * processed.
1072       */
1073      public static void helpQuiesce() {
1074 <        ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
1075 <            .helpQuiescePool();
1074 >        Thread t;
1075 >        if ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) {
1076 >            ForkJoinWorkerThread wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t;
1077 >            wt.pool.helpQuiescePool(wt.workQueue);
1078 >        }
1079 >        else
1080 >            ForkJoinPool.quiesceCommonPool();
1081      }
1082  
1083      /**
# Line 865 | Line 1086 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1086       * this task, but only if reuse occurs when this task has either
1087       * never been forked, or has been forked, then completed and all
1088       * outstanding joins of this task have also completed. Effects
1089 <     * under any other usage conditions are not guaranteed, and are
1090 <     * almost surely wrong. This method may be useful when executing
1089 >     * under any other usage conditions are not guaranteed.
1090 >     * This method may be useful when executing
1091       * pre-constructed trees of subtasks in loops.
1092 +     *
1093 +     * <p>Upon completion of this method, {@code isDone()} reports
1094 +     * {@code false}, and {@code getException()} reports {@code
1095 +     * null}. However, the value returned by {@code getRawResult} is
1096 +     * unaffected. To clear this value, you can invoke {@code
1097 +     * setRawResult(null)}.
1098       */
1099      public void reinitialize() {
1100 <        if ((status & COMPLETION_MASK) == EXCEPTIONAL)
1101 <            exceptionMap.remove(this);
1102 <        status = 0;
1100 >        if ((status & DONE_MASK) == EXCEPTIONAL)
1101 >            clearExceptionalCompletion();
1102 >        else
1103 >            status = 0;
1104      }
1105  
1106      /**
1107       * Returns the pool hosting the current task execution, or null
1108       * if this task is executing outside of any ForkJoinPool.
1109       *
1110 <     * @return the pool, or null if none
1110 >     * @see #inForkJoinPool
1111 >     * @return the pool, or {@code null} if none
1112       */
1113      public static ForkJoinPool getPool() {
1114          Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
# Line 888 | Line 1117 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1117      }
1118  
1119      /**
1120 <     * Returns {@code true} if the current thread is executing as a
1121 <     * ForkJoinPool computation.
1120 >     * Returns {@code true} if the current thread is a {@link
1121 >     * ForkJoinWorkerThread} executing as a ForkJoinPool computation.
1122       *
1123 <     * @return {@code true} if the current thread is executing as a
1124 <     * ForkJoinPool computation, or false otherwise
1123 >     * @return {@code true} if the current thread is a {@link
1124 >     * ForkJoinWorkerThread} executing as a ForkJoinPool computation,
1125 >     * or {@code false} otherwise
1126       */
1127      public static boolean inForkJoinPool() {
1128          return Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread;
# Line 900 | Line 1130 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1130  
1131      /**
1132       * Tries to unschedule this task for execution. This method will
1133 <     * typically succeed if this task is the most recently forked task
1134 <     * by the current thread, and has not commenced executing in
1135 <     * another thread.  This method may be useful when arranging
1136 <     * alternative local processing of tasks that could have been, but
1137 <     * were not, stolen. This method may be invoked only from within
908 <     * ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method
909 <     * {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts
910 <     * result in exceptions or errors, possibly including
911 <     * ClassCastException.
1133 >     * typically (but is not guaranteed to) succeed if this task is
1134 >     * the most recently forked task by the current thread, and has
1135 >     * not commenced executing in another thread.  This method may be
1136 >     * useful when arranging alternative local processing of tasks
1137 >     * that could have been, but were not, stolen.
1138       *
1139 <     * @return true if unforked
1139 >     * @return {@code true} if unforked
1140       */
1141      public boolean tryUnfork() {
1142 <        return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
1143 <            .unpushTask(this);
1142 >        Thread t;
1143 >        return (((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
1144 >                ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue.tryUnpush(this) :
1145 >                ForkJoinPool.tryExternalUnpush(this));
1146      }
1147  
1148      /**
# Line 926 | Line 1154 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1154       * @return the number of tasks
1155       */
1156      public static int getQueuedTaskCount() {
1157 <        return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
1158 <            .getQueueSize();
1157 >        Thread t; ForkJoinPool.WorkQueue q;
1158 >        if ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)
1159 >            q = ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue;
1160 >        else
1161 >            q = ForkJoinPool.commonSubmitterQueue();
1162 >        return (q == null) ? 0 : q.queueSize();
1163      }
1164  
1165      /**
1166       * Returns an estimate of how many more locally queued tasks are
1167       * held by the current worker thread than there are other worker
1168 <     * threads that might steal them.  This value may be useful for
1168 >     * threads that might steal them, or zero if this thread is not
1169 >     * operating in a ForkJoinPool. This value may be useful for
1170       * heuristic decisions about whether to fork other tasks. In many
1171       * usages of ForkJoinTasks, at steady state, each worker should
1172       * aim to maintain a small constant surplus (for example, 3) of
# Line 943 | Line 1176 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1176       * @return the surplus number of tasks, which may be negative
1177       */
1178      public static int getSurplusQueuedTaskCount() {
1179 <        return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
947 <            .getEstimatedSurplusTaskCount();
1179 >        return ForkJoinPool.getSurplusQueuedTaskCount();
1180      }
1181  
1182      // Extension methods
1183  
1184      /**
1185 <     * Returns the result that would be returned by {@code join},
1186 <     * even if this task completed abnormally, or null if this task is
1187 <     * not known to have been completed.  This method is designed to
1188 <     * aid debugging, as well as to support extensions. Its use in any
1189 <     * other context is discouraged.
1185 >     * Returns the result that would be returned by {@link #join}, even
1186 >     * if this task completed abnormally, or {@code null} if this task
1187 >     * is not known to have been completed.  This method is designed
1188 >     * to aid debugging, as well as to support extensions. Its use in
1189 >     * any other context is discouraged.
1190       *
1191 <     * @return the result, or null if not completed
1191 >     * @return the result, or {@code null} if not completed
1192       */
1193      public abstract V getRawResult();
1194  
# Line 970 | Line 1202 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1202      protected abstract void setRawResult(V value);
1203  
1204      /**
1205 <     * Immediately performs the base action of this task.  This method
1206 <     * is designed to support extensions, and should not in general be
1207 <     * called otherwise. The return value controls whether this task
1208 <     * is considered to be done normally. It may return false in
1205 >     * Immediately performs the base action of this task and returns
1206 >     * true if, upon return from this method, this task is guaranteed
1207 >     * to have completed normally. This method may return false
1208 >     * otherwise, to indicate that this task is not necessarily
1209 >     * complete (or is not known to be complete), for example in
1210       * asynchronous actions that require explicit invocations of
1211 <     * {@code complete} to become joinable. It may throw exceptions
1212 <     * to indicate abnormal exit.
1211 >     * completion methods. This method may also throw an (unchecked)
1212 >     * exception to indicate abnormal exit. This method is designed to
1213 >     * support extensions, and should not in general be called
1214 >     * otherwise.
1215       *
1216 <     * @return true if completed normally
982 <     * @throws Error or RuntimeException if encountered during computation
1216 >     * @return {@code true} if this task is known to have completed normally
1217       */
1218      protected abstract boolean exec();
1219  
1220      /**
1221 <     * Returns, but does not unschedule or execute, the task queued by
1222 <     * the current thread but not yet executed, if one is
1221 >     * Returns, but does not unschedule or execute, a task queued by
1222 >     * the current thread but not yet executed, if one is immediately
1223       * available. There is no guarantee that this task will actually
1224 <     * be polled or executed next.  This method is designed primarily
1225 <     * to support extensions, and is unlikely to be useful otherwise.
1226 <     * This method may be invoked only from within ForkJoinTask
1227 <     * computations (as may be determined using method {@link
1228 <     * #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts result
995 <     * in exceptions or errors, possibly including ClassCastException.
1224 >     * be polled or executed next. Conversely, this method may return
1225 >     * null even if a task exists but cannot be accessed without
1226 >     * contention with other threads.  This method is designed
1227 >     * primarily to support extensions, and is unlikely to be useful
1228 >     * otherwise.
1229       *
1230 <     * @return the next task, or null if none are available
1230 >     * @return the next task, or {@code null} if none are available
1231       */
1232      protected static ForkJoinTask<?> peekNextLocalTask() {
1233 <        return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
1234 <            .peekTask();
1233 >        Thread t; ForkJoinPool.WorkQueue q;
1234 >        if ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)
1235 >            q = ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue;
1236 >        else
1237 >            q = ForkJoinPool.commonSubmitterQueue();
1238 >        return (q == null) ? null : q.peek();
1239      }
1240  
1241      /**
1242       * Unschedules and returns, without executing, the next task
1243 <     * queued by the current thread but not yet executed.  This method
1244 <     * is designed primarily to support extensions, and is unlikely to
1245 <     * be useful otherwise.  This method may be invoked only from
1246 <     * within ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using
1010 <     * method {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other
1011 <     * contexts result in exceptions or errors, possibly including
1012 <     * ClassCastException.
1243 >     * queued by the current thread but not yet executed, if the
1244 >     * current thread is operating in a ForkJoinPool.  This method is
1245 >     * designed primarily to support extensions, and is unlikely to be
1246 >     * useful otherwise.
1247       *
1248 <     * @return the next task, or null if none are available
1248 >     * @return the next task, or {@code null} if none are available
1249       */
1250      protected static ForkJoinTask<?> pollNextLocalTask() {
1251 <        return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
1252 <            .pollLocalTask();
1251 >        Thread t;
1252 >        return ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
1253 >            ((ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).workQueue.nextLocalTask() :
1254 >            null;
1255      }
1256  
1257      /**
1258 <     * Unschedules and returns, without executing, the next task
1258 >     * If the current thread is operating in a ForkJoinPool,
1259 >     * unschedules and returns, without executing, the next task
1260       * queued by the current thread but not yet executed, if one is
1261       * available, or if not available, a task that was forked by some
1262       * other thread, if available. Availability may be transient, so a
1263 <     * {@code null} result does not necessarily imply quiescence
1264 <     * of the pool this task is operating in.  This method is designed
1263 >     * {@code null} result does not necessarily imply quiescence of
1264 >     * the pool this task is operating in.  This method is designed
1265       * primarily to support extensions, and is unlikely to be useful
1266 <     * otherwise.  This method may be invoked only from within
1030 <     * ForkJoinTask computations (as may be determined using method
1031 <     * {@link #inForkJoinPool}). Attempts to invoke in other contexts
1032 <     * result in exceptions or errors, possibly including
1033 <     * ClassCastException.
1266 >     * otherwise.
1267       *
1268 <     * @return a task, or null if none are available
1268 >     * @return a task, or {@code null} if none are available
1269       */
1270      protected static ForkJoinTask<?> pollTask() {
1271 <        return ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) Thread.currentThread())
1272 <            .pollTask();
1271 >        Thread t; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt;
1272 >        return ((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) ?
1273 >            (wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread)t).pool.nextTaskFor(wt.workQueue) :
1274 >            null;
1275 >    }
1276 >
1277 >    // tag operations
1278 >
1279 >    /**
1280 >     * Returns the tag for this task.
1281 >     *
1282 >     * @return the tag for this task
1283 >     * @since 1.8
1284 >     */
1285 >    public final short getForkJoinTaskTag() {
1286 >        return (short)status;
1287 >    }
1288 >
1289 >    /**
1290 >     * Atomically sets the tag value for this task.
1291 >     *
1292 >     * @param tag the tag value
1293 >     * @return the previous value of the tag
1294 >     * @since 1.8
1295 >     */
1296 >    public final short setForkJoinTaskTag(short tag) {
1297 >        for (int s;;) {
1298 >            if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s = status,
1299 >                                    (s & ~SMASK) | (tag & SMASK)))
1300 >                return (short)s;
1301 >        }
1302 >    }
1303 >
1304 >    /**
1305 >     * Atomically conditionally sets the tag value for this task.
1306 >     * Among other applications, tags can be used as visit markers
1307 >     * in tasks operating on graphs, as in methods that check: {@code
1308 >     * if (task.compareAndSetForkJoinTaskTag((short)0, (short)1))}
1309 >     * before processing, otherwise exiting because the node has
1310 >     * already been visited.
1311 >     *
1312 >     * @param e the expected tag value
1313 >     * @param tag the new tag value
1314 >     * @return true if successful; i.e., the current value was
1315 >     * equal to e and is now tag.
1316 >     * @since 1.8
1317 >     */
1318 >    public final boolean compareAndSetForkJoinTaskTag(short e, short tag) {
1319 >        for (int s;;) {
1320 >            if ((short)(s = status) != e)
1321 >                return false;
1322 >            if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, STATUS, s,
1323 >                                    (s & ~SMASK) | (tag & SMASK)))
1324 >                return true;
1325 >        }
1326      }
1327  
1328 <    // adaptors
1328 >    /**
1329 >     * Adaptor for Runnables. This implements RunnableFuture
1330 >     * to be compliant with AbstractExecutorService constraints
1331 >     * when used in ForkJoinPool.
1332 >     */
1333 >    static final class AdaptedRunnable<T> extends ForkJoinTask<T>
1334 >        implements RunnableFuture<T> {
1335 >        final Runnable runnable;
1336 >        T result;
1337 >        AdaptedRunnable(Runnable runnable, T result) {
1338 >            if (runnable == null) throw new NullPointerException();
1339 >            this.runnable = runnable;
1340 >            this.result = result; // OK to set this even before completion
1341 >        }
1342 >        public final T getRawResult() { return result; }
1343 >        public final void setRawResult(T v) { result = v; }
1344 >        public final boolean exec() { runnable.run(); return true; }
1345 >        public final void run() { invoke(); }
1346 >        private static final long serialVersionUID = 5232453952276885070L;
1347 >    }
1348 >
1349 >    /**
1350 >     * Adaptor for Runnables without results
1351 >     */
1352 >    static final class AdaptedRunnableAction extends ForkJoinTask<Void>
1353 >        implements RunnableFuture<Void> {
1354 >        final Runnable runnable;
1355 >        AdaptedRunnableAction(Runnable runnable) {
1356 >            if (runnable == null) throw new NullPointerException();
1357 >            this.runnable = runnable;
1358 >        }
1359 >        public final Void getRawResult() { return null; }
1360 >        public final void setRawResult(Void v) { }
1361 >        public final boolean exec() { runnable.run(); return true; }
1362 >        public final void run() { invoke(); }
1363 >        private static final long serialVersionUID = 5232453952276885070L;
1364 >    }
1365  
1366      /**
1367 <     * Returns a new ForkJoinTask that performs the <code>run</code>
1368 <     * method of the given Runnable as its action, and returns a null
1369 <     * result upon <code>join</code>.
1367 >     * Adaptor for Callables
1368 >     */
1369 >    static final class AdaptedCallable<T> extends ForkJoinTask<T>
1370 >        implements RunnableFuture<T> {
1371 >        final Callable<? extends T> callable;
1372 >        T result;
1373 >        AdaptedCallable(Callable<? extends T> callable) {
1374 >            if (callable == null) throw new NullPointerException();
1375 >            this.callable = callable;
1376 >        }
1377 >        public final T getRawResult() { return result; }
1378 >        public final void setRawResult(T v) { result = v; }
1379 >        public final boolean exec() {
1380 >            try {
1381 >                result = callable.call();
1382 >                return true;
1383 >            } catch (Error err) {
1384 >                throw err;
1385 >            } catch (RuntimeException rex) {
1386 >                throw rex;
1387 >            } catch (Exception ex) {
1388 >                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
1389 >            }
1390 >        }
1391 >        public final void run() { invoke(); }
1392 >        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2838392045355241008L;
1393 >    }
1394 >
1395 >    /**
1396 >     * Returns a new {@code ForkJoinTask} that performs the {@code run}
1397 >     * method of the given {@code Runnable} as its action, and returns
1398 >     * a null result upon {@link #join}.
1399       *
1400       * @param runnable the runnable action
1401       * @return the task
1402       */
1403 <    public static ForkJoinTask<Void> adapt(Runnable runnable) {
1404 <        return new ForkJoinPool.AdaptedRunnable<Void>(runnable, null);
1403 >    public static ForkJoinTask<?> adapt(Runnable runnable) {
1404 >        return new AdaptedRunnableAction(runnable);
1405      }
1406  
1407      /**
1408 <     * Returns a new ForkJoinTask that performs the <code>run</code>
1409 <     * method of the given Runnable as its action, and returns the
1410 <     * given result upon <code>join</code>.
1408 >     * Returns a new {@code ForkJoinTask} that performs the {@code run}
1409 >     * method of the given {@code Runnable} as its action, and returns
1410 >     * the given result upon {@link #join}.
1411       *
1412       * @param runnable the runnable action
1413       * @param result the result upon completion
1414       * @return the task
1415       */
1416      public static <T> ForkJoinTask<T> adapt(Runnable runnable, T result) {
1417 <        return new ForkJoinPool.AdaptedRunnable<T>(runnable, result);
1417 >        return new AdaptedRunnable<T>(runnable, result);
1418      }
1419  
1420      /**
1421 <     * Returns a new ForkJoinTask that performs the <code>call</code>
1422 <     * method of the given Callable as its action, and returns its
1423 <     * result upon <code>join</code>, translating any checked
1424 <     * exceptions encountered into <code>RuntimeException<code>.
1421 >     * Returns a new {@code ForkJoinTask} that performs the {@code call}
1422 >     * method of the given {@code Callable} as its action, and returns
1423 >     * its result upon {@link #join}, translating any checked exceptions
1424 >     * encountered into {@code RuntimeException}.
1425       *
1426       * @param callable the callable action
1427       * @return the task
1428       */
1429 <    public static <T> ForkJoinTask<T> adapt(Callable<T> callable) {
1430 <        return new ForkJoinPool.AdaptedCallable<T>(callable);
1429 >    public static <T> ForkJoinTask<T> adapt(Callable<? extends T> callable) {
1430 >        return new AdaptedCallable<T>(callable);
1431      }
1432  
1433      // Serialization support
# Line 1084 | Line 1435 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1435      private static final long serialVersionUID = -7721805057305804111L;
1436  
1437      /**
1438 <     * Save the state to a stream.
1438 >     * Saves this task to a stream (that is, serializes it).
1439       *
1440       * @serialData the current run status and the exception thrown
1441 <     * during execution, or null if none
1091 <     * @param s the stream
1441 >     * during execution, or {@code null} if none
1442       */
1443      private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
1444          throws java.io.IOException {
# Line 1097 | Line 1447 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1447      }
1448  
1449      /**
1450 <     * Reconstitute the instance from a stream.
1101 <     *
1102 <     * @param s the stream
1450 >     * Reconstitutes this task from a stream (that is, deserializes it).
1451       */
1452      private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
1453          throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
1454          s.defaultReadObject();
1107        status &= ~INTERNAL_SIGNAL_MASK; // clear internal signal counts
1108        status |= EXTERNAL_SIGNAL; // conservatively set external signal
1455          Object ex = s.readObject();
1456          if (ex != null)
1457 <            setDoneExceptionally((Throwable) ex);
1457 >            setExceptionalCompletion((Throwable)ex);
1458      }
1459  
1460 <    // Unsafe mechanics for jsr166y 3rd party package.
1460 >    // Unsafe mechanics
1461 >    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U;
1462 >    private static final long STATUS;
1463 >
1464 >    static {
1465 >        exceptionTableLock = new ReentrantLock();
1466 >        exceptionTableRefQueue = new ReferenceQueue<Object>();
1467 >        exceptionTable = new ExceptionNode[EXCEPTION_MAP_CAPACITY];
1468 >        try {
1469 >            U = getUnsafe();
1470 >            Class<?> k = ForkJoinTask.class;
1471 >            STATUS = U.objectFieldOffset
1472 >                (k.getDeclaredField("status"));
1473 >        } catch (Exception e) {
1474 >            throw new Error(e);
1475 >        }
1476 >    }
1477 >
1478 >    /**
1479 >     * Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe.  Suitable for use in a 3rd party package.
1480 >     * Replace with a simple call to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating
1481 >     * into a jdk.
1482 >     *
1483 >     * @return a sun.misc.Unsafe
1484 >     */
1485      private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() {
1486          try {
1487              return sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
1488          } catch (SecurityException se) {
1489              try {
1490                  return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
1491 <                    (new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction<sun.misc.Unsafe>() {
1491 >                    (new java.security
1492 >                     .PrivilegedExceptionAction<sun.misc.Unsafe>() {
1493                          public sun.misc.Unsafe run() throws Exception {
1494 <                            return getUnsafeByReflection();
1494 >                            java.lang.reflect.Field f = sun.misc
1495 >                                .Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
1496 >                            f.setAccessible(true);
1497 >                            return (sun.misc.Unsafe) f.get(null);
1498                          }});
1499              } catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) {
1500                  throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics",
# Line 1129 | Line 1503 | public abstract class ForkJoinTask<V> im
1503          }
1504      }
1505  
1132    private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafeByReflection()
1133            throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
1134        java.lang.reflect.Field f =
1135            sun.misc.Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
1136        f.setAccessible(true);
1137        return (sun.misc.Unsafe) f.get(null);
1138    }
1139
1140    private static long fieldOffset(String fieldName, Class<?> klazz) {
1141        try {
1142            return UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(klazz.getDeclaredField(fieldName));
1143        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
1144            // Convert Exception to Error
1145            NoSuchFieldError error = new NoSuchFieldError(fieldName);
1146            error.initCause(e);
1147            throw error;
1148        }
1149    }
1150
1151    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
1152    private static final long statusOffset =
1153        fieldOffset("status", ForkJoinTask.class);
1154
1506   }

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