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Comparing jsr166/src/jsr166y/ForkJoinWorkerThread.java (file contents):
Revision 1.12 by jsr166, Tue Jul 21 18:11:44 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.31 by dl, Mon Apr 5 15:52:26 2010 UTC

#	Line 5 | Line 5
5		*/
6
7		package jsr166y;
8	<	import java.util.*;
8	>
9		import java.util.concurrent.*;
10	<	import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
11	<	import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
12	<	import sun.misc.Unsafe;
13	<	import java.lang.reflect.*;
10	>
11	>	import java.util.Random;
12	>	import java.util.Collection;
13	>	import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
14
15		/**
16		* A thread managed by a {@link ForkJoinPool}.  This class is
17		* subclassable solely for the sake of adding functionality -- there
18	<	* are no overridable methods dealing with scheduling or
19	<	* execution. However, you can override initialization and termination
20	<	* methods surrounding the main task processing loop.  If you do
21	<	* create such a subclass, you will also need to supply a custom
22	<	* ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory to use it in a ForkJoinPool.
18	>	* are no overridable methods dealing with scheduling or execution.
19	>	* However, you can override initialization and termination methods
20	>	* surrounding the main task processing loop.  If you do create such a
21	>	* subclass, you will also need to supply a custom {@link
22	>	* ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory} to use it in a {@code
23	>	* ForkJoinPool}.
24		*
25	+	* @since 1.7
26	+	* @author Doug Lea
27		*/
28		public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extends Thread {
29		/*
30	<	* Algorithm overview:
30	>	* Overview:
31		*
32	<	* 1. Work-Stealing: Work-stealing queues are special forms of
33	<	* Deques that support only three of the four possible
34	<	* end-operations -- push, pop, and deq (aka steal), and only do
35	<	* so under the constraints that push and pop are called only from
36	<	* the owning thread, while deq may be called from other threads.
37	<	* (If you are unfamiliar with them, you probably want to read
38	<	* Herlihy and Shavit's book "The Art of Multiprocessor
39	<	* programming", chapter 16 describing these in more detail before
40	<	* proceeding.)  The main work-stealing queue design is roughly
41	<	* similar to "Dynamic Circular Work-Stealing Deque" by David
42	<	* Chase and Yossi Lev, SPAA 2005
43	<	* (http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/index.html).  The main
44	<	* difference ultimately stems from gc requirements that we null
45	<	* out taken slots as soon as we can, to maintain as small a
46	<	* footprint as possible even in programs generating huge numbers
47	<	* of tasks. To accomplish this, we shift the CAS arbitrating pop
48	<	* vs deq (steal) from being on the indices ("base" and "sp") to
49	<	* the slots themselves (mainly via method "casSlotNull()"). So,
50	<	* both a successful pop and deq mainly entail CAS'ing a non-null
51	<	* slot to null.  Because we rely on CASes of references, we do
52	<	* not need tag bits on base or sp.  They are simple ints as used
53	<	* in any circular array-based queue (see for example ArrayDeque).
54	<	* Updates to the indices must still be ordered in a way that
55	<	* guarantees that (sp - base) > 0 means the queue is empty, but
56	<	* otherwise may err on the side of possibly making the queue
57	<	* appear nonempty when a push, pop, or deq have not fully
58	<	* committed. Note that this means that the deq operation,
59	<	* considered individually, is not wait-free. One thief cannot
60	<	* successfully continue until another in-progress one (or, if
61	<	* previously empty, a push) completes.  However, in the
62	<	* aggregate, we ensure at least probabilistic non-blockingness. If
63	<	* an attempted steal fails, a thief always chooses a different
32	>	* ForkJoinWorkerThreads are managed by ForkJoinPools and perform
33	>	* ForkJoinTasks. This class includes bookkeeping in support of
34	>	* worker activation, suspension, and lifecycle control described
35	>	* in more detail in the internal documentation of class
36	>	* ForkJoinPool. And as described further below, this class also
37	>	* includes special-cased support for some ForkJoinTask
38	>	* methods. But the main mechanics involve work-stealing:
39	>	*
40	>	* Work-stealing queues are special forms of Deques that support
41	>	* only three of the four possible end-operations -- push, pop,
42	>	* and deq (aka steal), under the further constraints that push
43	>	* and pop are called only from the owning thread, while deq may
44	>	* be called from other threads.  (If you are unfamiliar with
45	>	* them, you probably want to read Herlihy and Shavit's book "The
46	>	* Art of Multiprocessor programming", chapter 16 describing these
47	>	* in more detail before proceeding.)  The main work-stealing
48	>	* queue design is roughly similar to those in the papers "Dynamic
49	>	* Circular Work-Stealing Deque" by Chase and Lev, SPAA 2005
50	>	* (http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/index.html) and
51	>	* "Idempotent work stealing" by Michael, Saraswat, and Vechev,
52	>	* PPoPP 2009 (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1504186).
53	>	* The main differences ultimately stem from gc requirements that
54	>	* we null out taken slots as soon as we can, to maintain as small
55	>	* a footprint as possible even in programs generating huge
56	>	* numbers of tasks. To accomplish this, we shift the CAS
57	>	* arbitrating pop vs deq (steal) from being on the indices
58	>	* ("base" and "sp") to the slots themselves (mainly via method
59	>	* "casSlotNull()"). So, both a successful pop and deq mainly
60	>	* entail a CAS of a slot from non-null to null.  Because we rely
61	>	* on CASes of references, we do not need tag bits on base or sp.
62	>	* They are simple ints as used in any circular array-based queue
63	>	* (see for example ArrayDeque).  Updates to the indices must
64	>	* still be ordered in a way that guarantees that sp == base means
65	>	* the queue is empty, but otherwise may err on the side of
66	>	* possibly making the queue appear nonempty when a push, pop, or
67	>	* deq have not fully committed. Note that this means that the deq
68	>	* operation, considered individually, is not wait-free. One thief
69	>	* cannot successfully continue until another in-progress one (or,
70	>	* if previously empty, a push) completes.  However, in the
71	>	* aggregate, we ensure at least probabilistic non-blockingness.
72	>	* If an attempted steal fails, a thief always chooses a different
73		* random victim target to try next. So, in order for one thief to
74		* progress, it suffices for any in-progress deq or new push on
75		* any empty queue to complete. One reason this works well here is
76		* that apparently-nonempty often means soon-to-be-stealable,
77	<	* which gives threads a chance to activate if necessary before
78	<	* stealing (see below).
77	>	* which gives threads a chance to set activation status if
78	>	* necessary before stealing.
79	>	*
80	>	* This approach also enables support for "async mode" where local
81	>	* task processing is in FIFO, not LIFO order; simply by using a
82	>	* version of deq rather than pop when locallyFifo is true (as set
83	>	* by the ForkJoinPool).  This allows use in message-passing
84	>	* frameworks in which tasks are never joined.
85		*
86		* Efficient implementation of this approach currently relies on
87		* an uncomfortable amount of "Unsafe" mechanics. To maintain
88		* correct orderings, reads and writes of variable base require
89	<	* volatile ordering.  Variable sp does not require volatile write
90	<	* but needs cheaper store-ordering on writes.  Because they are
91	<	* protected by volatile base reads, reads of the queue array and
92	<	* its slots do not need volatile load semantics, but writes (in
93	<	* push) require store order and CASes (in pop and deq) require
94	<	* (volatile) CAS semantics. Since these combinations aren't
95	<	* supported using ordinary volatiles, the only way to accomplish
96	<	* these efficiently is to use direct Unsafe calls. (Using external
89	>	* volatile ordering.  Variable sp does not require volatile
90	>	* writes but still needs store-ordering, which we accomplish by
91	>	* pre-incrementing sp before filling the slot with an ordered
92	>	* store.  (Pre-incrementing also enables backouts used in
93	>	* scanWhileJoining.)  Because they are protected by volatile base
94	>	* reads, reads of the queue array and its slots by other threads
95	>	* do not need volatile load semantics, but writes (in push)
96	>	* require store order and CASes (in pop and deq) require
97	>	* (volatile) CAS semantics.  (Michael, Saraswat, and Vechev's
98	>	* algorithm has similar properties, but without support for
99	>	* nulling slots.)  Since these combinations aren't supported
100	>	* using ordinary volatiles, the only way to accomplish these
101	>	* efficiently is to use direct Unsafe calls. (Using external
102		* AtomicIntegers and AtomicReferenceArrays for the indices and
103		* array is significantly slower because of memory locality and
104	<	* indirection effects.) Further, performance on most platforms is
105	<	* very sensitive to placement and sizing of the (resizable) queue
106	<	* array.  Even though these queues don't usually become all that
107	<	* big, the initial size must be large enough to counteract cache
104	>	* indirection effects.)
105	>	*
106	>	* Further, performance on most platforms is very sensitive to
107	>	* placement and sizing of the (resizable) queue array.  Even
108	>	* though these queues don't usually become all that big, the
109	>	* initial size must be large enough to counteract cache
110		* contention effects across multiple queues (especially in the
111		* presence of GC cardmarking). Also, to improve thread-locality,
112	<	* queues are currently initialized immediately after the thread
113	<	* gets the initial signal to start processing tasks.  However,
114	<	* all queue-related methods except pushTask are written in a way
115	<	* that allows them to instead be lazily allocated and/or disposed
116	<	* of when empty. All together, these low-level implementation
117	<	* choices produce as much as a factor of 4 performance
118	<	* improvement compared to naive implementations, and enable the
119	<	* processing of billions of tasks per second, sometimes at the
120	<	* expense of ugliness.
121	<	*
122	<	* 2. Run control: The primary run control is based on a global
123	<	* counter (activeCount) held by the pool. It uses an algorithm
124	<	* similar to that in Herlihy and Shavit section 17.6 to cause
125	<	* threads to eventually block when all threads declare they are
126	<	* inactive. (See variable "scans".)  For this to work, threads
127	<	* must be declared active when executing tasks, and before
128	<	* stealing a task. They must be inactive before blocking on the
129	<	* Pool Barrier (awaiting a new submission or other Pool
130	<	* event). In between, there is some free play which we take
131	<	* advantage of to avoid contention and rapid flickering of the
132	<	* global activeCount: If inactive, we activate only if a victim
133	<	* queue appears to be nonempty (see above).  Similarly, a thread
134	<	* tries to inactivate only after a full scan of other threads.
110	<	* The net effect is that contention on activeCount is rarely a
111	<	* measurable performance issue. (There are also a few other cases
112	<	* where we scan for work rather than retry/block upon
113	<	* contention.)
114	<	*
115	<	* 3. Selection control. We maintain policy of always choosing to
116	<	* run local tasks rather than stealing, and always trying to
117	<	* steal tasks before trying to run a new submission. All steals
118	<	* are currently performed in randomly-chosen deq-order. It may be
119	<	* worthwhile to bias these with locality / anti-locality
120	<	* information, but doing this well probably requires more
121	<	* lower-level information from JVMs than currently provided.
112	>	* queues are initialized after starting.  All together, these
113	>	* low-level implementation choices produce as much as a factor of
114	>	* 4 performance improvement compared to naive implementations,
115	>	* and enable the processing of billions of tasks per second,
116	>	* sometimes at the expense of ugliness.
117	>	*/
118	>
119	>	/**
120	>	* Generator for initial random seeds for random victim
121	>	* selection. This is used only to create initial seeds. Random
122	>	* steals use a cheaper xorshift generator per steal attempt. We
123	>	* expect only rare contention on seedGenerator, so just use a
124	>	* plain Random.
125	>	*/
126	>	private static final Random seedGenerator = new Random();
127	>
128	>	/**
129	>	* The timeout value for suspending spares. Spare workers that
130	>	* remain unsignalled for more than this time may be trimmed
131	>	* (killed and removed from pool).  Since our goal is to avoid
132	>	* long-term thread buildup, the exact value of timeout does not
133	>	* matter too much so long as it avoids most false-alarm timeouts
134	>	* under GC stalls or momentarily high system load.
135		*/
136	+	private static final long SPARE_KEEPALIVE_NANOS =
137	+	5L * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L; // 5 secs
138
139		/**
140		* Capacity of work-stealing queue array upon initialization.
#	Line 137 | Line 152 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
152		private static final int MAXIMUM_QUEUE_CAPACITY = 1 << 28;
153
154		/**
155	<	* The pool this thread works in. Accessed directly by ForkJoinTask
155	>	* The pool this thread works in. Accessed directly by ForkJoinTask.
156		*/
157		final ForkJoinPool pool;
158
159		/**
160		* The work-stealing queue array. Size must be a power of two.
161	<	* Initialized when thread starts, to improve memory locality.
161	>	* Initialized in onStart, to improve memory locality.
162		*/
163		private ForkJoinTask<?>[] queue;
164
165		/**
151	–	* Index (mod queue.length) of next queue slot to push to or pop
152	–	* from. It is written only by owner thread, via ordered store.
153	–	* Both sp and base are allowed to wrap around on overflow, but
154	–	* (sp - base) still estimates size.
155	–	*/
156	–	private volatile int sp;
157	–
158	–	/**
166		* Index (mod queue.length) of least valid queue slot, which is
167		* always the next position to steal from if nonempty.
168		*/
169		private volatile int base;
170
171		/**
172	<	* Activity status. When true, this worker is considered active.
173	<	* Must be false upon construction. It must be true when executing
174	<	* tasks, and BEFORE stealing a task. It must be false before
175	<	* calling pool.sync
176	<	*/
177	<	private boolean active;
172	>	* Index (mod queue.length) of next queue slot to push to or pop
173	>	* from. It is written only by owner thread, and accessed by other
174	>	* threads only after reading (volatile) base.  Both sp and base
175	>	* are allowed to wrap around on overflow, but (sp - base) still
176	>	* estimates size.
177	>	*/
178	>	private int sp;
179
180		/**
181	<	* Run state of this worker. Supports simple versions of the usual
182	<	* shutdown/shutdownNow control.
181	>	* Run state of this worker. In addition to the usual run levels,
182	>	* tracks if this worker is suspended as a spare, and if it was
183	>	* killed (trimmed) while suspended. However, "active" status is
184	>	* maintained separately.
185		*/
186		private volatile int runState;
187
188	+	private static final int TERMINATING = 0x01;
189	+	private static final int TERMINATED  = 0x02;
190	+	private static final int SUSPENDED   = 0x04; // inactive spare
191	+	private static final int TRIMMED     = 0x08; // killed while suspended
192	+
193	+	/**
194	+	* Number of LockSupport.park calls to block this thread for
195	+	* suspension or event waits. Used for internal instrumention;
196	+	* currently not exported but included because volatile write upon
197	+	* park also provides a workaround for a JVM bug.
198	+	*/
199	+	private volatile int parkCount;
200	+
201	+	/**
202	+	* Number of steals, transferred and reset in pool callbacks pool
203	+	* when idle Accessed directly by pool.
204	+	*/
205	+	int stealCount;
206	+
207		/**
208		* Seed for random number generator for choosing steal victims.
209	<	* Uses Marsaglia xorshift. Must be nonzero upon initialization.
209	>	* Uses Marsaglia xorshift. Must be initialized as nonzero.
210		*/
211		private int seed;
212
213		/**
214	<	* Number of steals, transferred to pool when idle
214	>	* Activity status. When true, this worker is considered active.
215	>	* Accessed directly by pool.  Must be false upon construction.
216	>	*/
217	>	boolean active;
218	>
219	>	/**
220	>	* True if use local fifo, not default lifo, for local polling.
221	>	* Shadows value from ForkJoinPool, which resets it if changed
222	>	* pool-wide.
223		*/
224	<	private int stealCount;
224	>	private boolean locallyFifo;
225
226		/**
227		* Index of this worker in pool array. Set once by pool before
228	<	* running, and accessed directly by pool during cleanup etc
228	>	* running, and accessed directly by pool to locate this worker in
229	>	* its workers array.
230		*/
231		int poolIndex;
232
233		/**
234	<	* The last barrier event waited for. Accessed in pool callback
235	<	* methods, but only by current thread.
234	>	* The last pool event waited for. Accessed only by pool in
235	>	* callback methods invoked within this thread.
236		*/
237	<	long lastEventCount;
237	>	int lastEventCount;
238
239		/**
240	<	* True if use local fifo, not default lifo, for local polling
240	>	* Encoded index and event count of next event waiter. Used only
241	>	* by ForkJoinPool for managing event waiters.
242		*/
243	<	private boolean locallyFifo;
243	>	volatile long nextWaiter;
244
245		/**
246		* Creates a ForkJoinWorkerThread operating in the given pool.
#	Line 212 | Line 251 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
251		protected ForkJoinWorkerThread(ForkJoinPool pool) {
252		if (pool == null) throw new NullPointerException();
253		this.pool = pool;
254	<	// Note: poolIndex is set by pool during construction
255	<	// Remaining initialization is deferred to onStart
254	>	// To avoid exposing construction details to subclasses,
255	>	// remaining initialization is in start() and onStart()
256	>	}
257	>
258	>	/**
259	>	* Performs additional initialization and starts this thread
260	>	*/
261	>	final void start(int poolIndex, boolean locallyFifo,
262	>	UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh) {
263	>	this.poolIndex = poolIndex;
264	>	this.locallyFifo = locallyFifo;
265	>	if (ueh != null)
266	>	setUncaughtExceptionHandler(ueh);
267	>	setDaemon(true);
268	>	start();
269		}
270
271	<	// Public access methods
271	>	// Public/protected methods
272
273		/**
274		* Returns the pool hosting this thread.
#	Line 241 | Line 293 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
293		}
294
295		/**
296	<	* Establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked
297	<	* tasks that are never joined.
298	<	*
299	<	* @param async if true, use locally FIFO scheduling
296	>	* Initializes internal state after construction but before
297	>	* processing any tasks. If you override this method, you must
298	>	* invoke super.onStart() at the beginning of the method.
299	>	* Initialization requires care: Most fields must have legal
300	>	* default values, to ensure that attempted accesses from other
301	>	* threads work correctly even before this thread starts
302	>	* processing tasks.
303		*/
304	<	void setAsyncMode(boolean async) {
305	<	locallyFifo = async;
306	<	}
252	<
253	<	// Runstate management
254	<
255	<	// Runstate values. Order matters
256	<	private static final int RUNNING     = 0;
257	<	private static final int SHUTDOWN    = 1;
258	<	private static final int TERMINATING = 2;
259	<	private static final int TERMINATED  = 3;
260	<
261	<	final boolean isShutdown()    { return runState >= SHUTDOWN;  }
262	<	final boolean isTerminating() { return runState >= TERMINATING;  }
263	<	final boolean isTerminated()  { return runState == TERMINATED; }
264	<	final boolean shutdown()      { return transitionRunStateTo(SHUTDOWN); }
265	<	final boolean shutdownNow()   { return transitionRunStateTo(TERMINATING); }
304	>	protected void onStart() {
305	>	int rs = seedGenerator.nextInt();
306	>	seed = rs == 0? 1 : rs; // seed must be nonzero
307
308	<	/**
309	<	* Transitions to at least the given state.  Returns true if not
310	<	* already at least at given state.
311	<	*/
271	<	private boolean transitionRunStateTo(int state) {
272	<	for (;;) {
273	<	int s = runState;
274	<	if (s >= state)
275	<	return false;
276	<	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s, state))
277	<	return true;
278	<	}
279	<	}
308	>	// Allocate name string and queue array in this thread
309	>	String pid = Integer.toString(pool.getPoolNumber());
310	>	String wid = Integer.toString(poolIndex);
311	>	setName("ForkJoinPool-" + pid + "-worker-" + wid);
312
313	<	/**
282	<	* Tries to set status to active; fails on contention.
283	<	*/
284	<	private boolean tryActivate() {
285	<	if (!active) {
286	<	if (!pool.tryIncrementActiveCount())
287	<	return false;
288	<	active = true;
289	<	}
290	<	return true;
313	>	queue = new ForkJoinTask<?>[INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY];
314		}
315
316		/**
317	<	* Tries to set status to active; fails on contention.
317	>	* Performs cleanup associated with termination of this worker
318	>	* thread.  If you override this method, you must invoke
319	>	* {@code super.onTermination} at the end of the overridden method.
320	>	*
321	>	* @param exception the exception causing this thread to abort due
322	>	* to an unrecoverable error, or {@code null} if completed normally
323		*/
324	<	private boolean tryInactivate() {
325	<	if (active) {
326	<	if (!pool.tryDecrementActiveCount())
327	<	return false;
328	<	active = false;
324	>	protected void onTermination(Throwable exception) {
325	>	try {
326	>	cancelTasks();
327	>	setTerminated();
328	>	pool.workerTerminated(this);
329	>	} catch (Throwable ex) {        // Shouldn't ever happen
330	>	if (exception == null)      // but if so, at least rethrown
331	>	exception = ex;
332	>	} finally {
333	>	if (exception != null)
334	>	UNSAFE.throwException(exception);
335		}
302	–	return true;
303	–	}
304	–
305	–	/**
306	–	* Computes next value for random victim probe.  Scans don't
307	–	* require a very high quality generator, but also not a crummy
308	–	* one.  Marsaglia xor-shift is cheap and works well.
309	–	*/
310	–	private static int xorShift(int r) {
311	–	r ^= r << 1;
312	–	r ^= r >>> 3;
313	–	r ^= r << 10;
314	–	return r;
336		}
337
317	–	// Lifecycle methods
318	–
338		/**
339		* This method is required to be public, but should never be
340		* called explicitly. It performs the main run loop to execute
#	Line 325 | Line 344 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
344		Throwable exception = null;
345		try {
346		onStart();
328	–	pool.sync(this); // await first pool event
347		mainLoop();
348		} catch (Throwable ex) {
349		exception = ex;
#	Line 334 | Line 352 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
352		}
353		}
354
355	+	// helpers for run()
356	+
357		/**
358	<	* Executes tasks until shut down.
358	>	* Find and execute tasks and check status while running
359		*/
360		private void mainLoop() {
361	<	while (!isShutdown()) {
362	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = pollTask();
363	<	if (t != null || (t = pollSubmission()) != null)
364	<	t.quietlyExec();
365	<	else if (tryInactivate())
366	<	pool.sync(this);
361	>	boolean ran = false; // true if ran task on previous step
362	>	ForkJoinPool p = pool;
363	>	for (;;) {
364	>	p.preStep(this, ran);
365	>	if (runState != 0)
366	>	return;
367	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t; // try to get and run stolen or submitted task
368	>	if (ran = (t = scan()) != null || (t = pollSubmission()) != null) {
369	>	t.tryExec();
370	>	if (base != sp)
371	>	runLocalTasks();
372	>	}
373		}
374		}
375
376		/**
377	<	* Initializes internal state after construction but before
378	<	* processing any tasks. If you override this method, you must
353	<	* invoke super.onStart() at the beginning of the method.
354	<	* Initialization requires care: Most fields must have legal
355	<	* default values, to ensure that attempted accesses from other
356	<	* threads work correctly even before this thread starts
357	<	* processing tasks.
377	>	* Runs local tasks until queue is empty or shut down.  Call only
378	>	* while active.
379		*/
380	<	protected void onStart() {
381	<	// Allocate while starting to improve chances of thread-local
382	<	// isolation
383	<	queue = new ForkJoinTask<?>[INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY];
384	<	// Initial value of seed need not be especially random but
385	<	// should differ across workers and must be nonzero
386	<	int p = poolIndex + 1;
387	<	seed = p + (p << 8) + (p << 16) + (p << 24); // spread bits
380	>	private void runLocalTasks() {
381	>	while (runState == 0) {
382	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = locallyFifo? locallyDeqTask() : popTask();
383	>	if (t != null)
384	>	t.tryExec();
385	>	else if (base == sp)
386	>	break;
387	>	}
388		}
389
390		/**
391	<	* Performs cleanup associated with termination of this worker
371	<	* thread.  If you override this method, you must invoke
372	<	* super.onTermination at the end of the overridden method.
391	>	* If a submission exists, try to activate and take it
392		*
393	<	* @param exception the exception causing this thread to abort due
375	<	* to an unrecoverable error, or null if completed normally
393	>	* @return a task, if available
394		*/
395	<	protected void onTermination(Throwable exception) {
396	<	// Execute remaining local tasks unless aborting or terminating
397	<	while (exception == null &&  !pool.isTerminating() && base != sp) {
398	<	try {
399	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = popTask();
400	<	if (t != null)
383	<	t.quietlyExec();
384	<	} catch(Throwable ex) {
385	<	exception = ex;
395	>	private ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission() {
396	>	ForkJoinPool p = pool;
397	>	while (p.hasQueuedSubmissions()) {
398	>	if (active || (active = p.tryIncrementActiveCount())) {
399	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = p.pollSubmission();
400	>	return t != null ? t : scan(); // if missed, rescan
401		}
402		}
403	<	// Cancel other tasks, transition status, notify pool, and
389	<	// propagate exception to uncaught exception handler
390	<	try {
391	<	do;while (!tryInactivate()); // ensure inactive
392	<	cancelTasks();
393	<	runState = TERMINATED;
394	<	pool.workerTerminated(this);
395	<	} catch (Throwable ex) {        // Shouldn't ever happen
396	<	if (exception == null)      // but if so, at least rethrown
397	<	exception = ex;
398	<	} finally {
399	<	if (exception != null)
400	<	ForkJoinTask.rethrowException(exception);
401	<	}
403	>	return null;
404		}
405
406	<	// Intrinsics-based support for queue operations.
407	<
408	<	/**
409	<	* Adds in store-order the given task at given slot of q to null.
410	<	* Caller must ensure q is non-null and index is in range.
406	>	/*
407	>	* Intrinsics-based atomic writes for queue slots. These are
408	>	* basically the same as methods in AtomicObjectArray, but
409	>	* specialized for (1) ForkJoinTask elements (2) requirement that
410	>	* nullness and bounds checks have already been performed by
411	>	* callers and (3) effective offsets are known not to overflow
412	>	* from int to long (because of MAXIMUM_QUEUE_CAPACITY). We don't
413	>	* need corresponding version for reads: plain array reads are OK
414	>	* because they protected by other volatile reads and are
415	>	* confirmed by CASes.
416	>	*
417	>	* Most uses don't actually call these methods, but instead contain
418	>	* inlined forms that enable more predictable optimization.  We
419	>	* don't define the version of write used in pushTask at all, but
420	>	* instead inline there a store-fenced array slot write.
421		*/
410	–	private static void setSlot(ForkJoinTask<?>[] q, int i,
411	–	ForkJoinTask<?> t){
412	–	UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t);
413	–	}
422
423		/**
424	<	* CAS given slot of q to null. Caller must ensure q is non-null
425	<	* and index is in range.
424	>	* CASes slot i of array q from t to null. Caller must ensure q is
425	>	* non-null and index is in range.
426		*/
427	<	private static boolean casSlotNull(ForkJoinTask<?>[] q, int i,
428	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
427	>	private static final boolean casSlotNull(ForkJoinTask<?>[] q, int i,
428	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
429		return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t, null);
430		}
431
432		/**
433	<	* Sets sp in store-order.
433	>	* Performs a volatile write of the given task at given slot of
434	>	* array q.  Caller must ensure q is non-null and index is in
435	>	* range. This method is used only during resets and backouts.
436		*/
437	<	private void storeSp(int s) {
438	<	UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, spOffset, s);
437	>	private static final void writeSlot(ForkJoinTask<?>[] q, int i,
438	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
439	>	UNSAFE.putObjectVolatile(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t);
440		}
441
442	<	// Main queue methods
442	>	// queue methods
443
444		/**
445	<	* Pushes a task. Called only by current thread.
445	>	* Pushes a task. Call only from this thread.
446		*
447		* @param t the task. Caller must ensure non-null.
448		*/
449		final void pushTask(ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
450	+	int s;
451		ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = queue;
452	<	int mask = q.length - 1;
453	<	int s = sp;
454	<	setSlot(q, s & mask, t);
443	<	storeSp(++s);
444	<	if ((s -= base) == 1)
452	>	int mask = q.length - 1; // implicit assert q != null
453	>	UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(q, (((s = sp++) & mask) << qShift) + qBase, t);
454	>	if ((s -= base) <= 0)
455		pool.signalWork();
456	<	else if (s >= mask)
456	>	else if (s + 1 >= mask)
457		growQueue();
458		}
459
460		/**
461		* Tries to take a task from the base of the queue, failing if
462	<	* either empty or contended.
462	>	* empty or contended. Note: Specializations of this code appear
463	>	* in scan and scanWhileJoining.
464		*
465		* @return a task, or null if none or contended
466		*/
467		final ForkJoinTask<?> deqTask() {
468		ForkJoinTask<?> t;
469		ForkJoinTask<?>[] q;
470	<	int i;
471	<	int b;
461	<	if (sp != (b = base) &&
470	>	int b, i;
471	>	if ((b = base) != sp &&
472		(q = queue) != null && // must read q after b
473		(t = q[i = (q.length - 1) & b]) != null &&
474	<	casSlotNull(q, i, t)) {
474	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t, null)) {
475		base = b + 1;
476		return t;
477		}
#	Line 469 | Line 479 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
479		}
480
481		/**
482	<	* Returns a popped task, or null if empty. Ensures active status
483	<	* if non-null. Called only by current thread.
482	>	* Tries to take a task from the base of own queue. Assumes active
483	>	* status.  Called only by current thread.
484	>	*
485	>	* @return a task, or null if none
486	>	*/
487	>	final ForkJoinTask<?> locallyDeqTask() {
488	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = queue;
489	>	if (q != null) {
490	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t;
491	>	int b, i;
492	>	while (sp != (b = base)) {
493	>	if ((t = q[i = (q.length - 1) & b]) != null &&
494	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(q, (i << qShift) + qBase,
495	>	t, null)) {
496	>	base = b + 1;
497	>	return t;
498	>	}
499	>	}
500	>	}
501	>	return null;
502	>	}
503	>
504	>	/**
505	>	* Returns a popped task, or null if empty. Assumes active status.
506	>	* Called only by current thread. (Note: a specialization of this
507	>	* code appears in scanWhileJoining.)
508		*/
509		final ForkJoinTask<?> popTask() {
510	<	int s = sp;
511	<	while (s != base) {
512	<	if (tryActivate()) {
513	<	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = queue;
514	<	int mask = q.length - 1;
515	<	int i = (s - 1) & mask;
516	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = q[i];
517	<	if (t == null || !casSlotNull(q, i, t))
484	<	break;
485	<	storeSp(s - 1);
510	>	int s;
511	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = queue;
512	>	if (q != null && (s = sp) != base) {
513	>	int i = (q.length - 1) & --s;
514	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = q[i];
515	>	if (t != null && UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject
516	>	(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t, null)) {
517	>	sp = s;
518		return t;
519		}
520		}
#	Line 497 | Line 529 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
529		* @param t the task. Caller must ensure non-null.
530		*/
531		final boolean unpushTask(ForkJoinTask<?> t) {
532	+	int s;
533		ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = queue;
534	<	int mask = q.length - 1;
535	<	int s = sp - 1;
536	<	if (casSlotNull(q, s & mask, t)) {
504	<	storeSp(s);
534	>	if (q != null && UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject
535	>	(q, (((q.length - 1) & (s = sp - 1)) << qShift) + qBase, t, null)){
536	>	sp = s;
537		return true;
538		}
539		return false;
540		}
541
542		/**
543	<	* Returns next task.
543	>	* Returns next task or null if empty or contended
544		*/
545		final ForkJoinTask<?> peekTask() {
546		ForkJoinTask<?>[] q = queue;
547		if (q == null)
548		return null;
549		int mask = q.length - 1;
550	<	int i = locallyFifo? base : (sp - 1);
550	>	int i = locallyFifo ? base : (sp - 1);
551		return q[i & mask];
552		}
553
#	Line 541 | Line 573 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
573		ForkJoinTask<?> t = oldQ[oldIndex];
574		if (t != null && !casSlotNull(oldQ, oldIndex, t))
575		t = null;
576	<	setSlot(newQ, b & newMask, t);
576	>	writeSlot(newQ, b & newMask, t);
577		} while (++b != bf);
578		pool.signalWork();
579		}
580
581		/**
582	+	* Computes next value for random victim probe in scan().  Scans
583	+	* don't require a very high quality generator, but also not a
584	+	* crummy one.  Marsaglia xor-shift is cheap and works well enough.
585	+	* Note: This is manually inlined in scan()
586	+	*/
587	+	private static final int xorShift(int r) {
588	+	r ^= r << 13;
589	+	r ^= r >>> 17;
590	+	return r ^ (r << 5);
591	+	}
592	+
593	+	/**
594		* Tries to steal a task from another worker. Starts at a random
595		* index of workers array, and probes workers until finding one
596		* with non-empty queue or finding that all are empty.  It
597		* randomly selects the first n probes. If these are empty, it
598	<	* resorts to a full circular traversal, which is necessary to
599	<	* accurately set active status by caller. Also restarts if pool
600	<	* events occurred since last scan, which forces refresh of
601	<	* workers array, in case barrier was associated with resize.
598	>	* resorts to a circular sweep, which is necessary to accurately
599	>	* set active status. (The circular sweep uses steps of
600	>	* approximately half the array size plus 1, to avoid bias
601	>	* stemming from leftmost packing of the array in ForkJoinPool.)
602		*
603		* This method must be both fast and quiet -- usually avoiding
604		* memory accesses that could disrupt cache sharing etc other than
605	<	* those needed to check for and take tasks. This accounts for,
606	<	* among other things, updating random seed in place without
607	<	* storing it until exit.
605	>	* those needed to check for and take tasks (or to activate if not
606	>	* already active). This accounts for, among other things,
607	>	* updating random seed in place without storing it until exit.
608		*
609		* @return a task, or null if none found
610		*/
611		private ForkJoinTask<?> scan() {
612	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = null;
613	<	int r = seed;                    // extract once to keep scan quiet
614	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws;       // refreshed on outer loop
615	<	int mask;                        // must be power 2 minus 1 and > 0
616	<	outer:do {
617	<	if ((ws = pool.workers) != null && (mask = ws.length - 1) > 0) {
618	<	int idx = r;
619	<	int probes = ~mask;      // use random index while negative
620	<	for (;;) {
621	<	r = xorShift(r);     // update random seed
622	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread v = ws[mask & idx];
623	<	if (v == null || v.sp == v.base) {
624	<	if (probes <= mask)
625	<	idx = (probes++ < 0)? r : (idx + 1);
626	<	else
627	<	break;
612	>	ForkJoinPool p = pool;
613	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = p.workers;
614	>	int n = ws.length;            // upper bound of #workers
615	>	boolean canSteal = active;    // shadow active status
616	>	int r = seed;                 // extract seed once
617	>	int k = r;                    // index: random if j<0 else step
618	>	for (int j = -n; j < n; ++j) {
619	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread v = ws[k & (n - 1)];
620	>	r ^= r << 13; r ^= r >>> 17; r ^= r << 5; // xorshift
621	>	if (v != null && v.base != v.sp) {
622	>	if (canSteal ||       // ensure active status
623	>	(canSteal = active = p.tryIncrementActiveCount())) {
624	>	int b, i;         // inlined specialization of deqTask
625	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t;
626	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q;
627	>	if ((b = v.base) != v.sp &&  // recheck
628	>	(q = v.queue) != null &&
629	>	(t = q[i = (q.length - 1) & b]) != null &&
630	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject
631	>	(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t, null)) {
632	>	v.base = b + 1;
633	>	seed = r;
634	>	++stealCount;
635	>	return t;
636		}
585	–	else if (!tryActivate() || (t = v.deqTask()) == null)
586	–	continue outer;  // restart on contention
587	–	else
588	–	break outer;
637		}
638	+	j = -n;               // reset on contention
639		}
640	<	} while (pool.hasNewSyncEvent(this)); // retry on pool events
641	<	seed = r;
642	<	return t;
640	>	k = j >= 0? k + ((n >>> 1) | 1) : r;
641	>	}
642	>	return null;
643		}
644
645	+	// Run State management
646	+
647	+	// status check methods used mainly by ForkJoinPool
648	+	final boolean isTerminating() { return (runState & TERMINATING) != 0; }
649	+	final boolean isTerminated()  { return (runState & TERMINATED) != 0; }
650	+	final boolean isSuspended()   { return (runState & SUSPENDED) != 0; }
651	+	final boolean isTrimmed()     { return (runState & TRIMMED) != 0; }
652	+
653		/**
654	<	* Gets and removes a local or stolen task.
598	<	*
599	<	* @return a task, if available
654	>	* Sets state to TERMINATING, also resuming if suspended.
655		*/
656	<	final ForkJoinTask<?> pollTask() {
657	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = locallyFifo? deqTask() : popTask();
658	<	if (t == null && (t = scan()) != null)
659	<	++stealCount;
660	<	return t;
656	>	final void shutdown() {
657	>	for (;;) {
658	>	int s = runState;
659	>	if ((s & SUSPENDED) != 0) { // kill and wakeup if suspended
660	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s,
661	>	(s & ~SUSPENDED) |
662	>	(TRIMMED|TERMINATING))) {
663	>	LockSupport.unpark(this);
664	>	break;
665	>	}
666	>	}
667	>	else if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s,
668	>	s | TERMINATING))
669	>	break;
670	>	}
671	>	}
672	>
673	>	/**
674	>	* Sets state to TERMINATED. Called only by this thread.
675	>	*/
676	>	private void setTerminated() {
677	>	int s;
678	>	do {} while (!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset,
679	>	s = runState,
680	>	s | (TERMINATING|TERMINATED)));
681	>	}
682	>
683	>	/**
684	>	* Instrumented version of park. Also used by ForkJoinPool.awaitEvent
685	>	*/
686	>	final void doPark() {
687	>	++parkCount;
688	>	LockSupport.park(this);
689		}
690
691		/**
692	<	* Gets a local task.
692	>	* If suspended, tries to set status to unsuspended.
693	>	* Caller must unpark to actually resume
694		*
695	<	* @return a task, if available
695	>	* @return true if successful
696		*/
697	<	final ForkJoinTask<?> pollLocalTask() {
698	<	return locallyFifo? deqTask() : popTask();
697	>	final boolean tryUnsuspend() {
698	>	int s;
699	>	return (((s = runState) & SUSPENDED) != 0 &&
700	>	UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s,
701	>	s & ~SUSPENDED));
702		}
703
704		/**
705	<	* Returns a pool submission, if one exists, activating first.
705	>	* Sets suspended status and blocks as spare until resumed,
706	>	* shutdown, or timed out.
707		*
708	<	* @return a submission, if available
708	>	* @return false if trimmed
709		*/
710	<	private ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission() {
710	>	final boolean suspendAsSpare() {
711	>	for (;;) {               // set suspended unless terminating
712	>	int s = runState;
713	>	if ((s & TERMINATING) != 0) { // must kill
714	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s,
715	>	s | (TRIMMED | TERMINATING)))
716	>	return false;
717	>	}
718	>	else if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s,
719	>	s | SUSPENDED))
720	>	break;
721	>	}
722	>	lastEventCount = 0;      // reset upon resume
723		ForkJoinPool p = pool;
724	<	while (p.hasQueuedSubmissions()) {
725	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t;
726	<	if (tryActivate() && (t = p.pollSubmission()) != null)
727	<	return t;
724	>	p.releaseWaiters();      // help others progress
725	>	p.accumulateStealCount(this);
726	>	interrupted();           // clear/ignore interrupts
727	>	if (poolIndex < p.getParallelism()) { // untimed wait
728	>	while ((runState & SUSPENDED) != 0)
729	>	doPark();
730	>	return true;
731		}
732	<	return null;
732	>	return timedSuspend();   // timed wait if apparently non-core
733	>	}
734	>
735	>	/**
736	>	* Blocks as spare until resumed or timed out
737	>	* @return false if trimmed
738	>	*/
739	>	private boolean timedSuspend() {
740	>	long nanos = SPARE_KEEPALIVE_NANOS;
741	>	long startTime = System.nanoTime();
742	>	while ((runState & SUSPENDED) != 0) {
743	>	++parkCount;
744	>	if ((nanos -= (System.nanoTime() - startTime)) > 0)
745	>	LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
746	>	else { // try to trim on timeout
747	>	int s = runState;
748	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, runStateOffset, s,
749	>	(s & ~SUSPENDED) |
750	>	(TRIMMED|TERMINATING)))
751	>	return false;
752	>	}
753	>	}
754	>	return true;
755	>	}
756	>
757	>	// Misc support methods for ForkJoinPool
758	>
759	>	/**
760	>	* Returns an estimate of the number of tasks in the queue.  Also
761	>	* used by ForkJoinTask.
762	>	*/
763	>	final int getQueueSize() {
764	>	return -base + sp;
765		}
766
767	<	// Methods accessed only by Pool
767	>	/**
768	>	* Set locallyFifo mode. Called only by ForkJoinPool
769	>	*/
770	>	final void setAsyncMode(boolean async) {
771	>	locallyFifo = async;
772	>	}
773
774		/**
775		* Removes and cancels all tasks in queue.  Can be called from any
776		* thread.
777		*/
778		final void cancelTasks() {
779	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t;
780	<	while (base != sp && (t = deqTask()) != null)
781	<	t.cancelIgnoringExceptions();
779	>	while (base != sp) {
780	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = deqTask();
781	>	if (t != null)
782	>	t.cancelIgnoringExceptions();
783	>	}
784		}
785
786		/**
#	Line 646 | Line 788 | public class ForkJoinWorkerThread extend
788		*
789		* @return the number of tasks drained
790		*/
791	<	final int drainTasksTo(Collection<ForkJoinTask<?>> c) {
791	>	final int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c) {
792		int n = 0;
793	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t;
794	<	while (base != sp && (t = deqTask()) != null) {
795	<	c.add(t);
796	<	++n;
793	>	while (base != sp) {
794	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = deqTask();
795	>	if (t != null) {
796	>	c.add(t);
797	>	++n;
798	>	}
799		}
800		return n;
801		}
802
803	<	/**
660	<	* Gets and clears steal count for accumulation by pool.  Called
661	<	* only when known to be idle (in pool.sync and termination).
662	<	*/
663	<	final int getAndClearStealCount() {
664	<	int sc = stealCount;
665	<	stealCount = 0;
666	<	return sc;
667	<	}
803	>	// Support methods for ForkJoinTask
804
805		/**
806	<	* Returns true if at least one worker in the given array appears
807	<	* to have at least one queued task.
808	<	* @param ws array of workers
809	<	*/
810	<	static boolean hasQueuedTasks(ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws) {
811	<	if (ws != null) {
812	<	int len = ws.length;
813	<	for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) { // need two passes for clean sweep
814	<	for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
815	<	ForkJoinWorkerThread w = ws[i];
816	<	if (w != null && w.sp != w.base)
817	<	return true;
818	<	}
819	<	}
820	<	}
821	<	return false;
806	>	* Returns an estimate of the number of tasks, offset by a
807	>	* function of number of idle workers.
808	>	*
809	>	* This method provides a cheap heuristic guide for task
810	>	* partitioning when programmers, frameworks, tools, or languages
811	>	* have little or no idea about task granularity.  In essence by
812	>	* offering this method, we ask users only about tradeoffs in
813	>	* overhead vs expected throughput and its variance, rather than
814	>	* how finely to partition tasks.
815	>	*
816	>	* In a steady state strict (tree-structured) computation, each
817	>	* thread makes available for stealing enough tasks for other
818	>	* threads to remain active. Inductively, if all threads play by
819	>	* the same rules, each thread should make available only a
820	>	* constant number of tasks.
821	>	*
822	>	* The minimum useful constant is just 1. But using a value of 1
823	>	* would require immediate replenishment upon each steal to
824	>	* maintain enough tasks, which is infeasible.  Further,
825	>	* partitionings/granularities of offered tasks should minimize
826	>	* steal rates, which in general means that threads nearer the top
827	>	* of computation tree should generate more than those nearer the
828	>	* bottom. In perfect steady state, each thread is at
829	>	* approximately the same level of computation tree. However,
830	>	* producing extra tasks amortizes the uncertainty of progress and
831	>	* diffusion assumptions.
832	>	*
833	>	* So, users will want to use values larger, but not much larger
834	>	* than 1 to both smooth over transient shortages and hedge
835	>	* against uneven progress; as traded off against the cost of
836	>	* extra task overhead. We leave the user to pick a threshold
837	>	* value to compare with the results of this call to guide
838	>	* decisions, but recommend values such as 3.
839	>	*
840	>	* When all threads are active, it is on average OK to estimate
841	>	* surplus strictly locally. In steady-state, if one thread is
842	>	* maintaining say 2 surplus tasks, then so are others. So we can
843	>	* just use estimated queue length (although note that (sp - base)
844	>	* can be an overestimate because of stealers lagging increments
845	>	* of base).  However, this strategy alone leads to serious
846	>	* mis-estimates in some non-steady-state conditions (ramp-up,
847	>	* ramp-down, other stalls). We can detect many of these by
848	>	* further considering the number of "idle" threads, that are
849	>	* known to have zero queued tasks, so compensate by a factor of
850	>	* (#idle/#active) threads.
851	>	*/
852	>	final int getEstimatedSurplusTaskCount() {
853	>	return sp - base - pool.idlePerActive();
854		}
855
688	–	// Support methods for ForkJoinTask
689	–
856		/**
857	<	* Returns an estimate of the number of tasks in the queue.
857	>	* Gets and removes a local task.
858	>	*
859	>	* @return a task, if available
860		*/
861	<	final int getQueueSize() {
862	<	int n = sp - base;
863	<	return n < 0? 0 : n; // suppress momentarily negative values
861	>	final ForkJoinTask<?> pollLocalTask() {
862	>	while (base != sp) {
863	>	if (active || (active = pool.tryIncrementActiveCount()))
864	>	return locallyFifo? locallyDeqTask() : popTask();
865	>	}
866	>	return null;
867		}
868
869		/**
870	<	* Returns an estimate of the number of tasks, offset by a
871	<	* function of number of idle workers.
870	>	* Gets and removes a local or stolen task.
871	>	*
872	>	* @return a task, if available
873		*/
874	<	final int getEstimatedSurplusTaskCount() {
875	<	// The halving approximates weighting idle vs non-idle workers
876	<	return (sp - base) - (pool.getIdleThreadCount() >>> 1);
874	>	final ForkJoinTask<?> pollTask() {
875	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t;
876	>	return (t = pollLocalTask()) != null ? t : scan();
877		}
878
879		/**
880	<	* Scans, returning early if joinMe done
880	>	* Returns a stolen task, if available, unless joinMe is done
881	>	*
882	>	* This method is intrinsically nonmodular. To maintain the
883	>	* property that tasks are never stolen if the awaited task is
884	>	* ready, we must interleave mechanics of scan with status
885	>	* checks. We rely here on the commit points of deq that allow us
886	>	* to cancel a steal even after CASing slot to null, but before
887	>	* adjusting base index: If, after the CAS, we see that joinMe is
888	>	* ready, we can back out by placing the task back into the slot,
889	>	* without adjusting index. The scan loop is otherwise the same as
890	>	* in scan.
891	>	*
892	>	* The outer loop cannot be allowed to run forever, because it
893	>	* could lead to a form of deadlock if all threads are executing
894	>	* this method. However, we must also be patient before giving up,
895	>	* to cope with GC stalls, transient high loads, etc. The loop
896	>	* terminates (causing caller to possibly block this thread and
897	>	* create a replacement) only after #workers clean sweeps during
898	>	* which all running threads are active.
899		*/
900		final ForkJoinTask<?> scanWhileJoining(ForkJoinTask<?> joinMe) {
901	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = pollTask();
902	<	if (t != null && joinMe.status < 0 && sp == base) {
903	<	pushTask(t); // unsteal if done and this task would be stealable
904	<	t = null;
901	>	int sweeps = 0;
902	>	int r = seed;
903	>	ForkJoinPool p = pool;
904	>	p.releaseWaiters(); // help other threads progress
905	>	while (joinMe.status >= 0) {
906	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread[] ws = p.workers;
907	>	int n = ws.length;
908	>	int k = r;
909	>	for (int j = -n; j < n; ++j) {
910	>	ForkJoinWorkerThread v = ws[k & (n - 1)];
911	>	r ^= r << 13; r ^= r >>> 17; r ^= r << 5; // xorshift
912	>	if (v != null) {
913	>	int b = v.base;
914	>	ForkJoinTask<?>[] q;
915	>	if (b != v.sp && (q = v.queue) != null) {
916	>	int i = (q.length - 1) & b;
917	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = q[i];
918	>	if (t != null) {
919	>	if (joinMe.status < 0)
920	>	return null;
921	>	if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject
922	>	(q, (i << qShift) + qBase, t, null)) {
923	>	if (joinMe.status < 0) {
924	>	writeSlot(q, i, t); // back out
925	>	return null;
926	>	}
927	>	v.base = b + 1;
928	>	seed = r;
929	>	++stealCount;
930	>	return t;
931	>	}
932	>	}
933	>	sweeps = 0; // ensure rescan on contention
934	>	}
935	>	}
936	>	k = j >= 0? k + ((n >>> 1) | 1) : r;
937	>	if ((j & 7) == 0 && joinMe.status < 0) // periodically recheck
938	>	return null;
939	>	}
940	>	if ((sweeps = p.inactiveCount() == 0 ? sweeps + 1 : 0) > n)
941	>	return null;
942		}
943	<	return t;
943	>	return null;
944		}
945
946		/**
947	<	* Runs tasks until pool isQuiescent.
947	>	* Runs tasks until {@code pool.isQuiescent()}.
948		*/
949		final void helpQuiescePool() {
950		for (;;) {
951	<	ForkJoinTask<?> t = pollTask();
952	<	if (t != null)
953	<	t.quietlyExec();
954	<	else if (tryInactivate() && pool.isQuiescent())
955	<	break;
951	>	ForkJoinTask<?> t = pollLocalTask();
952	>	if (t != null || (t = scan()) != null)
953	>	t.tryExec();
954	>	else {
955	>	ForkJoinPool p = pool;
956	>	if (active) {
957	>	active = false; // inactivate
958	>	do {} while (!p.tryDecrementActiveCount());
959	>	}
960	>	if (p.isQuiescent()) {
961	>	active = true; // re-activate
962	>	do {} while (!p.tryIncrementActiveCount());
963	>	return;
964	>	}
965	>	}
966		}
730	–	do;while (!tryActivate()); // re-activate on exit
967		}
968
969	<	// Temporary Unsafe mechanics for preliminary release
970	<	private static Unsafe getUnsafe() throws Throwable {
969	>	// Unsafe mechanics
970	>
971	>	private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
972	>	private static final long runStateOffset =
973	>	objectFieldOffset("runState", ForkJoinWorkerThread.class);
974	>	private static final long qBase =
975	>	UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(ForkJoinTask[].class);
976	>	private static final int qShift;
977	>
978	>	static {
979	>	int s = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(ForkJoinTask[].class);
980	>	if ((s & (s-1)) != 0)
981	>	throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
982	>	qShift = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(s);
983	>	}
984	>
985	>	private static long objectFieldOffset(String field, Class<?> klazz) {
986		try {
987	<	return Unsafe.getUnsafe();
987	>	return UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(klazz.getDeclaredField(field));
988	>	} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
989	>	// Convert Exception to corresponding Error
990	>	NoSuchFieldError error = new NoSuchFieldError(field);
991	>	error.initCause(e);
992	>	throw error;
993	>	}
994	>	}
995	>
996	>	/**
997	>	* Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe.  Suitable for use in a 3rd party package.
998	>	* Replace with a simple call to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating
999	>	* into a jdk.
1000	>	*
1001	>	* @return a sun.misc.Unsafe
1002	>	*/
1003	>	private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() {
1004	>	try {
1005	>	return sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
1006		} catch (SecurityException se) {
1007		try {
1008		return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
1009	<	(new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction<Unsafe>() {
1010	<	public Unsafe run() throws Exception {
1011	<	return getUnsafePrivileged();
1009	>	(new java.security
1010	>	.PrivilegedExceptionAction<sun.misc.Unsafe>() {
1011	>	public sun.misc.Unsafe run() throws Exception {
1012	>	java.lang.reflect.Field f = sun.misc
1013	>	.Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
1014	>	f.setAccessible(true);
1015	>	return (sun.misc.Unsafe) f.get(null);
1016		}});
1017		} catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) {
1018	<	throw e.getCause();
1018	>	throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics",
1019	>	e.getCause());
1020		}
1021		}
1022		}
749	–
750	–	private static Unsafe getUnsafePrivileged()
751	–	throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
752	–	Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
753	–	f.setAccessible(true);
754	–	return (Unsafe) f.get(null);
755	–	}
756	–
757	–	private static long fieldOffset(String fieldName)
758	–	throws NoSuchFieldException {
759	–	return UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
760	–	(ForkJoinWorkerThread.class.getDeclaredField(fieldName));
761	–	}
762	–
763	–	static final Unsafe UNSAFE;
764	–	static final long baseOffset;
765	–	static final long spOffset;
766	–	static final long runStateOffset;
767	–	static final long qBase;
768	–	static final int qShift;
769	–	static {
770	–	try {
771	–	UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
772	–	baseOffset = fieldOffset("base");
773	–	spOffset = fieldOffset("sp");
774	–	runStateOffset = fieldOffset("runState");
775	–	qBase = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(ForkJoinTask[].class);
776	–	int s = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(ForkJoinTask[].class);
777	–	if ((s & (s-1)) != 0)
778	–	throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
779	–	qShift = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(s);
780	–	} catch (Throwable e) {
781	–	throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics", e);
782	–	}
783	–	}
1023		}

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