/*
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain
 */

package jsr166y;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import java.lang.reflect.*;

/**
 * An unbounded {@linkplain TransferQueue} based on linked nodes.
 * This queue orders elements FIFO (first-in-first-out) with respect
 * to any given producer.  The <em>head</em> of the queue is that
 * element that has been on the queue the longest time for some
 * producer.  The <em>tail</em> of the queue is that element that has
 * been on the queue the shortest time for some producer.
 *
 * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the {@code size}
 * method is <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
 * asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current number
 * of elements requires a traversal of the elements.
 *
 * <p>This class and its iterator implement all of the
 * <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Collection} and {@link
 * Iterator} interfaces.
 *
 * <p>Memory consistency effects: As with other concurrent
 * collections, actions in a thread prior to placing an object into a
 * {@code LinkedTransferQueue}
 * <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
 * actions subsequent to the access or removal of that element from
 * the {@code LinkedTransferQueue} in another thread.
 *
 * <p>This class is a member of the
 * <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
 * Java Collections Framework</a>.
 *
 * @since 1.7
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @param <E> the type of elements held in this collection
 *
 */
public class LinkedTransferQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
    implements TransferQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3223113410248163686L;

    /*
     * This class extends the approach used in FIFO-mode
     * SynchronousQueues. See the internal documentation, as well as
     * the PPoPP 2006 paper "Scalable Synchronous Queues" by Scherer,
     * Lea & Scott
     * (http://www.cs.rice.edu/~wns1/papers/2006-PPoPP-SQ.pdf)
     *
     * The main extension is to provide different Wait modes for the
     * main "xfer" method that puts or takes items.  These don't
     * impact the basic dual-queue logic, but instead control whether
     * or how threads block upon insertion of request or data nodes
     * into the dual queue. It also uses slightly different
     * conventions for tracking whether nodes are off-list or
     * cancelled.
     */

    // Wait modes for xfer method
    static final int NOWAIT  = 0;
    static final int TIMEOUT = 1;
    static final int WAIT    = 2;

    /** The number of CPUs, for spin control */
    static final int NCPUS = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();

    /**
     * The number of times to spin before blocking in timed waits.
     * The value is empirically derived -- it works well across a
     * variety of processors and OSes. Empirically, the best value
     * seems not to vary with number of CPUs (beyond 2) so is just
     * a constant.
     */
    static final int maxTimedSpins = (NCPUS < 2)? 0 : 32;

    /**
     * The number of times to spin before blocking in untimed waits.
     * This is greater than timed value because untimed waits spin
     * faster since they don't need to check times on each spin.
     */
    static final int maxUntimedSpins = maxTimedSpins * 16;

    /**
     * The number of nanoseconds for which it is faster to spin
     * rather than to use timed park. A rough estimate suffices.
     */
    static final long spinForTimeoutThreshold = 1000L;

    /**
     * Node class for LinkedTransferQueue. Opportunistically
     * subclasses from AtomicReference to represent item. Uses Object,
     * not E, to allow setting item to "this" after use, to avoid
     * garbage retention. Similarly, setting the next field to this is
     * used as sentinel that node is off list.
     */
    static final class QNode extends AtomicReference<Object> {
        volatile QNode next;
        volatile Thread waiter;       // to control park/unpark
        final boolean isData;
        QNode(Object item, boolean isData) {
            super(item);
            this.isData = isData;
        }

        static final AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<QNode, QNode>
            nextUpdater = AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater
            (QNode.class, QNode.class, "next");

        boolean casNext(QNode cmp, QNode val) {
            return nextUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Padded version of AtomicReference used for head, tail and
     * cleanMe, to alleviate contention across threads CASing one vs
     * the other.
     */
    static final class PaddedAtomicReference<T> extends AtomicReference<T> {
        // enough padding for 64bytes with 4byte refs
        Object p0, p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7, p8, p9, pa, pb, pc, pd, pe;
        PaddedAtomicReference(T r) { super(r); }
    }


    /** head of the queue */
    private transient final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> head;
    /** tail of the queue */
    private transient final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> tail;

    /**
     * Reference to a cancelled node that might not yet have been
     * unlinked from queue because it was the last inserted node
     * when it cancelled.
     */
    private transient final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> cleanMe;

    /**
     * Tries to cas nh as new head; if successful, unlink
     * old head's next node to avoid garbage retention.
     */
    private boolean advanceHead(QNode h, QNode nh) {
        if (h == head.get() && head.compareAndSet(h, nh)) {
            h.next = h; // forget old next
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Puts or takes an item. Used for most queue operations (except
     * poll() and tryTransfer()). See the similar code in
     * SynchronousQueue for detailed explanation.
     * @param e the item or if null, signifies that this is a take
     * @param mode the wait mode: NOWAIT, TIMEOUT, WAIT
     * @param nanos timeout in nanosecs, used only if mode is TIMEOUT
     * @return an item, or null on failure
     */
    private Object xfer(Object e, int mode, long nanos) {
        boolean isData = (e != null);
        QNode s = null;
        final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> head = this.head;
        final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> tail = this.tail;

        for (;;) {
            QNode t = tail.get();
            QNode h = head.get();

            if (t != null && (t == h || t.isData == isData)) {
                if (s == null)
                    s = new QNode(e, isData);
                QNode last = t.next;
                if (last != null) {
                    if (t == tail.get())
                        tail.compareAndSet(t, last);
                }
                else if (t.casNext(null, s)) {
                    tail.compareAndSet(t, s);
                    return awaitFulfill(t, s, e, mode, nanos);
                }
            }

            else if (h != null) {
                QNode first = h.next;
                if (t == tail.get() && first != null &&
                    advanceHead(h, first)) {
                    Object x = first.get();
                    if (x != first && first.compareAndSet(x, e)) {
                        LockSupport.unpark(first.waiter);
                        return isData? e : x;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }


    /**
     * Version of xfer for poll() and tryTransfer, which
     * simplifies control paths both here and in xfer
     */
    private Object fulfill(Object e) {
        boolean isData = (e != null);
        final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> head = this.head;
        final PaddedAtomicReference<QNode> tail = this.tail;

        for (;;) {
            QNode t = tail.get();
            QNode h = head.get();

            if (t != null && (t == h || t.isData == isData)) {
                QNode last = t.next;
                if (t == tail.get()) {
                    if (last != null)
                        tail.compareAndSet(t, last);
                    else
                        return null;
                }
            }
            else if (h != null) {
                QNode first = h.next;
                if (t == tail.get() &&
                    first != null &&
                    advanceHead(h, first)) {
                    Object x = first.get();
                    if (x != first && first.compareAndSet(x, e)) {
                        LockSupport.unpark(first.waiter);
                        return isData? e : x;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Spins/blocks until node s is fulfilled or caller gives up,
     * depending on wait mode.
     *
     * @param pred the predecessor of waiting node
     * @param s the waiting node
     * @param e the comparison value for checking match
     * @param mode mode
     * @param nanos timeout value
     * @return matched item, or s if cancelled
     */
    private Object awaitFulfill(QNode pred, QNode s, Object e,
                                int mode, long nanos) {
        if (mode == NOWAIT)
            return null;

        long lastTime = (mode == TIMEOUT)? System.nanoTime() : 0;
        Thread w = Thread.currentThread();
        int spins = -1; // set to desired spin count below
        for (;;) {
            if (w.isInterrupted())
                s.compareAndSet(e, s);
            Object x = s.get();
            if (x != e) {                 // Node was matched or cancelled
                advanceHead(pred, s);     // unlink if head
                if (x == s) {              // was cancelled
                    clean(pred, s);
                    return null;
                }
                else if (x != null) {
                    s.set(s);             // avoid garbage retention
                    return x;
                }
                else
                    return e;
            }
            if (mode == TIMEOUT) {
                long now = System.nanoTime();
                nanos -= now - lastTime;
                lastTime = now;
                if (nanos <= 0) {
                    s.compareAndSet(e, s); // try to cancel
                    continue;
                }
            }
            if (spins < 0) {
                QNode h = head.get(); // only spin if at head
                spins = ((h != null && h.next == s) ?
                         (mode == TIMEOUT?
                          maxTimedSpins : maxUntimedSpins) : 0);
            }
            if (spins > 0)
                --spins;
            else if (s.waiter == null)
                s.waiter = w;
            else if (mode != TIMEOUT) {
                LockSupport.park(this);
                s.waiter = null;
                spins = -1;
            }
            else if (nanos > spinForTimeoutThreshold) {
                LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
                s.waiter = null;
                spins = -1;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns validated tail for use in cleaning methods
     */
    private QNode getValidatedTail() {
        for (;;) {
            QNode h = head.get();
            QNode first = h.next;
            if (first != null && first.next == first) { // help advance
                advanceHead(h, first);
                continue;
            }
            QNode t = tail.get();
            QNode last = t.next;
            if (t == tail.get()) {
                if (last != null)
                    tail.compareAndSet(t, last); // help advance
                else
                    return t;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets rid of cancelled node s with original predecessor pred.
     * @param pred predecessor of cancelled node
     * @param s the cancelled node
     */
    private void clean(QNode pred, QNode s) {
        Thread w = s.waiter;
        if (w != null) {             // Wake up thread
            s.waiter = null;
            if (w != Thread.currentThread())
                LockSupport.unpark(w);
        }
        /*
         * At any given time, exactly one node on list cannot be
         * deleted -- the last inserted node. To accommodate this, if
         * we cannot delete s, we save its predecessor as "cleanMe",
         * processing the previously saved version first. At least one
         * of node s or the node previously saved can always be
         * processed, so this always terminates.
         */
        while (pred.next == s) {
            QNode oldpred = reclean();  // First, help get rid of cleanMe
            QNode t = getValidatedTail();
            if (s != t) {               // If not tail, try to unsplice
                QNode sn = s.next;      // s.next == s means s already off list
                if (sn == s || pred.casNext(s, sn))
                    break;
            }
            else if (oldpred == pred || // Already saved
                     (oldpred == null && cleanMe.compareAndSet(null, pred)))
                break;                  // Postpone cleaning
        }
    }

    /**
     * Tries to unsplice the cancelled node held in cleanMe that was
     * previously uncleanable because it was at tail.
     * @return current cleanMe node (or null)
     */
    private QNode reclean() {
        /*
         * cleanMe is, or at one time was, predecessor of cancelled
         * node s that was the tail so could not be unspliced.  If s
         * is no longer the tail, try to unsplice if necessary and
         * make cleanMe slot available.  This differs from similar
         * code in clean() because we must check that pred still
         * points to a cancelled node that must be unspliced -- if
         * not, we can (must) clear cleanMe without unsplicing.
         * This can loop only due to contention on casNext or
         * clearing cleanMe.
         */
        QNode pred;
        while ((pred = cleanMe.get()) != null) {
            QNode t = getValidatedTail();
            QNode s = pred.next;
            if (s != t) {
                QNode sn;
                if (s == null || s == pred || s.get() != s ||
                    (sn = s.next) == s || pred.casNext(s, sn))
                    cleanMe.compareAndSet(pred, null);
            }
            else // s is still tail; cannot clean
                break;
        }
        return pred;
    }

    /**
     * Creates an initially empty {@code LinkedTransferQueue}.
     */
    public LinkedTransferQueue() {
        QNode dummy = new QNode(null, false);
        head = new PaddedAtomicReference<QNode>(dummy);
        tail = new PaddedAtomicReference<QNode>(dummy);
        cleanMe = new PaddedAtomicReference<QNode>(null);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@code LinkedTransferQueue}
     * initially containing the elements of the given collection,
     * added in traversal order of the collection's iterator.
     * @param c the collection of elements to initially contain
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
     *         of its elements are null
     */
    public LinkedTransferQueue(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        this();
        addAll(c);
    }

    public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
        if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        if (Thread.interrupted()) throw new InterruptedException();
        xfer(e, NOWAIT, 0);
    }

    public boolean offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException {
        if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        if (Thread.interrupted()) throw new InterruptedException();
        xfer(e, NOWAIT, 0);
        return true;
    }

    public boolean offer(E e) {
        if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        xfer(e, NOWAIT, 0);
        return true;
    }

    public void transfer(E e) throws InterruptedException {
        if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        if (xfer(e, WAIT, 0) == null) {
            Thread.interrupted();
            throw new InterruptedException();
        }
    }

    public boolean tryTransfer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException {
        if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        if (xfer(e, TIMEOUT, unit.toNanos(timeout)) != null)
            return true;
        if (!Thread.interrupted())
            return false;
        throw new InterruptedException();
    }

    public boolean tryTransfer(E e) {
        if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        return fulfill(e) != null;
    }

    public E take() throws InterruptedException {
        Object e = xfer(null, WAIT, 0);
        if (e != null)
            return (E)e;
        Thread.interrupted();
        throw new InterruptedException();
    }

    public E poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
        Object e = xfer(null, TIMEOUT, unit.toNanos(timeout));
        if (e != null || !Thread.interrupted())
            return (E)e;
        throw new InterruptedException();
    }

    public E poll() {
        return (E)fulfill(null);
    }

    public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c) {
        if (c == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (c == this)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        int n = 0;
        E e;
        while ( (e = poll()) != null) {
            c.add(e);
            ++n;
        }
        return n;
    }

    public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c, int maxElements) {
        if (c == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (c == this)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        int n = 0;
        E e;
        while (n < maxElements && (e = poll()) != null) {
            c.add(e);
            ++n;
        }
        return n;
    }

    // Traversal-based methods

    /**
     * Return head after performing any outstanding helping steps
     */
    private QNode traversalHead() {
        for (;;) {
            QNode t = tail.get();
            QNode h = head.get();
            if (h != null && t != null) {
                QNode last = t.next;
                QNode first = h.next;
                if (t == tail.get()) {
                    if (last != null)
                        tail.compareAndSet(t, last);
                    else if (first != null) {
                        Object x = first.get();
                        if (x == first)
                            advanceHead(h, first);
                        else
                            return h;
                    }
                    else
                        return h;
                }
            }
        }
    }


    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Itr();
    }

    /**
     * Iterators. Basic strategy is to traverse list, treating
     * non-data (i.e., request) nodes as terminating list.
     * Once a valid data node is found, the item is cached
     * so that the next call to next() will return it even
     * if subsequently removed.
     */
    class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        QNode nextNode;    // Next node to return next
        QNode currentNode; // last returned node, for remove()
        QNode prevNode;    // predecessor of last returned node
        E nextItem;        // Cache of next item, once commited to in next

        Itr() {
            nextNode = traversalHead();
            advance();
        }

        E advance() {
            prevNode = currentNode;
            currentNode = nextNode;
            E x = nextItem;

            QNode p = nextNode.next;
            for (;;) {
                if (p == null || !p.isData) {
                    nextNode = null;
                    nextItem = null;
                    return x;
                }
                Object item = p.get();
                if (item != p && item != null) {
                    nextNode = p;
                    nextItem = (E)item;
                    return x;
                }
                prevNode = p;
                p = p.next;
            }
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return nextNode != null;
        }

        public E next() {
            if (nextNode == null) throw new NoSuchElementException();
            return advance();
        }

        public void remove() {
            QNode p = currentNode;
            QNode prev = prevNode;
            if (prev == null || p == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            Object x = p.get();
            if (x != null && x != p && p.compareAndSet(x, p))
                clean(prev, p);
        }
    }

    public E peek() {
        for (;;) {
            QNode h = traversalHead();
            QNode p = h.next;
            if (p == null)
                return null;
            Object x = p.get();
            if (p != x) {
                if (!p.isData)
                    return null;
                if (x != null)
                    return (E)x;
            }
        }
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        for (;;) {
            QNode h = traversalHead();
            QNode p = h.next;
            if (p == null)
                return true;
            Object x = p.get();
            if (p != x) {
                if (!p.isData)
                    return true;
                if (x != null)
                    return false;
            }
        }
    }

    public boolean hasWaitingConsumer() {
        for (;;) {
            QNode h = traversalHead();
            QNode p = h.next;
            if (p == null)
                return false;
            Object x = p.get();
            if (p != x)
                return !p.isData;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this queue.  If this queue
     * contains more than {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} elements, returns
     * {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.
     *
     * <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, this method is
     * <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
     * asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current
     * number of elements requires an O(n) traversal.
     *
     * @return the number of elements in this queue
     */
    public int size() {
        int count = 0;
        QNode h = traversalHead();
        for (QNode p = h.next; p != null && p.isData; p = p.next) {
            Object x = p.get();
            if (x != null && x != p) {
                if (++count == Integer.MAX_VALUE) // saturated
                    break;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    public int getWaitingConsumerCount() {
        int count = 0;
        QNode h = traversalHead();
        for (QNode p = h.next; p != null && !p.isData; p = p.next) {
            if (p.get() == null) {
                if (++count == Integer.MAX_VALUE)
                    break;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }

    public int remainingCapacity() {
        return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    }

    /**
     * Save the state to a stream (that is, serialize it).
     *
     * @serialData All of the elements (each an {@code E}) in
     * the proper order, followed by a null
     * @param s the stream
     */
    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException {
        s.defaultWriteObject();
        for (Iterator<E> it = iterator(); it.hasNext(); )
            s.writeObject(it.next());
        // Use trailing null as sentinel
        s.writeObject(null);
    }

    /**
     * Reconstitute the Queue instance from a stream (that is,
     * deserialize it).
     * @param s the stream
     */
    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
        throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        s.defaultReadObject();
        resetHeadAndTail();
        for (;;) {
            E item = (E)s.readObject();
            if (item == null)
                break;
            else
                offer(item);
        }
    }


    // Support for resetting head/tail while deserializing
    private void resetHeadAndTail() {
        QNode dummy = new QNode(null, false);
        _unsafe.putObjectVolatile(this, headOffset,
                                  new PaddedAtomicReference<QNode>(dummy));
        _unsafe.putObjectVolatile(this, tailOffset,
                                  new PaddedAtomicReference<QNode>(dummy));
        _unsafe.putObjectVolatile(this, cleanMeOffset,
                                  new PaddedAtomicReference<QNode>(null));
    }

    // Temporary Unsafe mechanics for preliminary release
    private static final Unsafe _unsafe;
    private static final long headOffset;
    private static final long tailOffset;
    private static final long cleanMeOffset;
    static {
        try {
            if (LinkedTransferQueue.class.getClassLoader() != null) {
                Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
                f.setAccessible(true);
                _unsafe = (Unsafe)f.get(null);
            }
            else
                _unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
            headOffset = _unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (LinkedTransferQueue.class.getDeclaredField("head"));
            tailOffset = _unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (LinkedTransferQueue.class.getDeclaredField("tail"));
            cleanMeOffset = _unsafe.objectFieldOffset
                (LinkedTransferQueue.class.getDeclaredField("cleanMe"));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics", e);
        }
    }

}