package java.util;
/**
* An unbounded priority {@linkplain Queue queue} based on a priority heap.
* This queue orders
* elements according to an order specified at construction time, which is
* specified in the same manner as {@link java.util.TreeSet} and
* {@link java.util.TreeMap}: elements are ordered
* either according to their natural order (see {@link Comparable}), or
* according to a {@link java.util.Comparator}, depending on which
* constructor is used.
*
The head of this queue is the least element with
* respect to the specified ordering.
* If multiple elements are tied for least value, the
* head is one of those elements. A priority queue does not permit
* null elements.
*
*
The {@link #remove()} and {@link #poll()} methods remove and
* return the head of the queue.
*
*
The {@link #element()} and {@link #peek()} methods return, but do
* not delete, the head of the queue.
*
*
A priority queue has a capacity. The capacity is the
* size of the array used internally to store the elements on the
* queue.
* It is always at least as large as the queue size. As
* elements are added to a priority queue, its capacity grows
* automatically. The details of the growth policy are not specified.
*
*
Implementation note: this implementation provides O(log(n)) time
* for the insertion methods (offer, poll,
* remove() and add) methods; linear time for the
* remove(Object) and contains(Object) methods; and
* constant time for the retrieval methods (peek,
* element, and size).
*
*
This class is a member of the
*
* Java Collections Framework.
* @since 1.5
* @author Josh Bloch
*/
public class PriorityQueue extends AbstractQueue
implements Queue, java.io.Serializable {
private static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 11;
/**
* Priority queue represented as a balanced binary heap: the two children
* of queue[n] are queue[2*n] and queue[2*n + 1]. The priority queue is
* ordered by comparator, or by the elements' natural ordering, if
* comparator is null: For each node n in the heap and each descendant d
* of n, n <= d.
*
* The element with the lowest value is in queue[1], assuming the queue is
* nonempty. (A one-based array is used in preference to the traditional
* zero-based array to simplify parent and child calculations.)
*
* queue.length must be >= 2, even if size == 0.
*/
private transient Object[] queue;
/**
* The number of elements in the priority queue.
*/
private int size = 0;
/**
* The comparator, or null if priority queue uses elements'
* natural ordering.
*/
private final Comparator super E> comparator;
/**
* The number of times this priority queue has been
* structurally modified. See AbstractList for gory details.
*/
private transient int modCount = 0;
/**
* Creates a PriorityQueue with the default initial capacity
* (11) that orders its elements according to their natural
* ordering (using Comparable).
*/
public PriorityQueue() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, null);
}
/**
* Creates a PriorityQueue with the specified initial capacity
* that orders its elements according to their natural ordering
* (using Comparable).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity for this priority queue.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if initialCapacity is less
* than 1
*/
public PriorityQueue(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, null);
}
/**
* Creates a PriorityQueue with the specified initial capacity
* that orders its elements according to the specified comparator.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity for this priority queue.
* @param comparator the comparator used to order this priority queue.
* If null then the order depends on the elements' natural
* ordering.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if initialCapacity is less
* than 1
*/
public PriorityQueue(int initialCapacity,
Comparator super E> comparator) {
if (initialCapacity < 1)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
this.queue = new Object[initialCapacity + 1];
this.comparator = comparator;
}
/**
* Common code to initialize underlying queue array across
* constructors below.
*/
private void initializeArray(Collection extends E> c) {
int sz = c.size();
int initialCapacity = (int)Math.min((sz * 110L) / 100,
Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1);
if (initialCapacity < 1)
initialCapacity = 1;
this.queue = new Object[initialCapacity + 1];
}
/**
* Initially fill elements of the queue array under the
* knowledge that it is sorted or is another PQ, in which
* case we can just place the elements without fixups.
*/
private void fillFromSorted(Collection extends E> c) {
for (Iterator extends E> i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
queue[++size] = i.next();
}
/**
* Initially fill elements of the queue array that is
* not to our knowledge sorted, so we must add them
* one by one.
*/
private void fillFromUnsorted(Collection extends E> c) {
for (Iterator extends E> i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
add(i.next());
}
/**
* Creates a PriorityQueue containing the elements in the
* specified collection. The priority queue has an initial
* capacity of 110% of the size of the specified collection or 1
* if the collection is empty. If the specified collection is an
* instance of a {@link java.util.SortedSet} or is another
* PriorityQueue, the priority queue will be sorted
* according to the same comparator, or according to its elements'
* natural order if the collection is sorted according to its
* elements' natural order. Otherwise, the priority queue is
* ordered according to its elements' natural order.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed
* into this priority queue.
* @throws ClassCastException if elements of the specified collection
* cannot be compared to one another according to the priority
* queue's ordering.
* @throws NullPointerException if c or any element within it
* is null
*/
public PriorityQueue(Collection extends E> c) {
initializeArray(c);
if (c instanceof SortedSet extends E>) {
SortedSet extends E> s = (SortedSet extends E>) c;
comparator = (Comparator super E>)s.comparator();
fillFromSorted(s);
}
else if (c instanceof PriorityQueue extends E>) {
PriorityQueue extends E> s = (PriorityQueue extends E>) c;
comparator = (Comparator super E>)s.comparator();
fillFromSorted(s);
}
else {
comparator = null;
fillFromUnsorted(c);
}
}
/**
* Creates a PriorityQueue containing the elements in the
* specified collection. The priority queue has an initial
* capacity of 110% of the size of the specified collection or 1
* if the collection is empty. This priority queue will be sorted
* according to the same comparator as the given collection, or
* according to its elements' natural order if the collection is
* sorted according to its elements' natural order.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed
* into this priority queue.
* @throws ClassCastException if elements of the specified collection
* cannot be compared to one another according to the priority
* queue's ordering.
* @throws NullPointerException if c or any element within it
* is null
*/
public PriorityQueue(PriorityQueue extends E> c) {
initializeArray(c);
comparator = (Comparator super E>)c.comparator();
fillFromSorted(c);
}
/**
* Creates a PriorityQueue containing the elements in the
* specified collection. The priority queue has an initial
* capacity of 110% of the size of the specified collection or 1
* if the collection is empty. This priority queue will be sorted
* according to the same comparator as the given collection, or
* according to its elements' natural order if the collection is
* sorted according to its elements' natural order.
*
* @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed
* into this priority queue.
* @throws ClassCastException if elements of the specified collection
* cannot be compared to one another according to the priority
* queue's ordering.
* @throws NullPointerException if c or any element within it
* is null
*/
public PriorityQueue(SortedSet extends E> c) {
initializeArray(c);
comparator = (Comparator super E>)c.comparator();
fillFromSorted(c);
}
/**
* Resize array, if necessary, to be able to hold given index
*/
private void grow(int index) {
int newlen = queue.length;
if (index < newlen) // don't need to grow
return;
if (index == Integer.MAX_VALUE)
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
while (newlen <= index) {
if (newlen >= Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2) // avoid overflow
newlen = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
else
newlen <<= 2;
}
Object[] newQueue = new Object[newlen];
System.arraycopy(queue, 0, newQueue, 0, queue.length);
queue = newQueue;
}
// Queue Methods
/**
* Add the specified element to this priority queue.
*
* @return true
* @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be compared
* with elements currently in the priority queue according
* to the priority queue's ordering.
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null.
*/
public boolean offer(E o) {
if (o == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
modCount++;
++size;
// Grow backing store if necessary
if (size >= queue.length)
grow(size);
queue[size] = o;
fixUp(size);
return true;
}
public E poll() {
if (size == 0)
return null;
return (E) remove(1);
}
public E peek() {
return (E) queue[1];
}
// Collection Methods - the first two override to update docs
/**
* Adds the specified element to this queue.
* @return true (as per the general contract of
* Collection.add).
*
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException if the specified element cannot be compared
* with elements currently in the priority queue according
* to the priority queue's ordering.
*/
public boolean add(E o) {
return super.add(o);
}
/**
* Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this queue.
* The behavior of this operation is undefined if
* the specified collection is modified while the operation is in
* progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if
* the specified collection is this queue, and this queue is nonempty.)
*
* This implementation iterates over the specified collection, and adds
* each object returned by the iterator to this collection, in turn.
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException if any element cannot be compared
* with elements currently in the priority queue according
* to the priority queue's ordering.
*/
public boolean addAll(Collection extends E> c) {
return super.addAll(c);
}
/**
* Removes a single instance of the specified element from this
* queue, if it is present. More formally,
* removes an element e such that (o==null ? e==null :
* o.equals(e)), if the queue contains one or more such
* elements. Returns true if the queue contained the
* specified element (or equivalently, if the queue changed as a
* result of the call).
*
*
This implementation iterates over the queue looking for the
* specified element. If it finds the element, it removes the element
* from the queue using the iterator's remove method.
*
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null)
return false;
if (comparator == null) {
for (int i = 1; i <= size; i++) {
if (((Comparable)queue[i]).compareTo((E)o) == 0) {
remove(i);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (int i = 1; i <= size; i++) {
if (comparator.compare((E)queue[i], (E)o) == 0) {
remove(i);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this queue. The iterator
* does not return the elements in any particular order.
*
* @return an iterator over the elements in this queue.
*/
public Iterator iterator() {
return new Itr();
}
private class Itr implements Iterator {
/**
* Index (into queue array) of element to be returned by
* subsequent call to next.
*/
private int cursor = 1;
/**
* Index of element returned by most recent call to next or
* previous. Reset to 0 if this element is deleted by a call
* to remove.
*/
private int lastRet = 0;
/**
* The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
* List should have. If this expectation is violated, the iterator
* has detected concurrent modification.
*/
private int expectedModCount = modCount;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor <= size;
}
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
if (cursor > size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
E result = (E) queue[cursor];
lastRet = cursor++;
return result;
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet == 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
PriorityQueue.this.remove(lastRet);
if (lastRet < cursor)
cursor--;
lastRet = 0;
expectedModCount = modCount;
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
/**
* Remove all elements from the priority queue.
*/
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// Null out element references to prevent memory leak
for (int i=1; i<=size; i++)
queue[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
/**
* Removes and returns the ith element from queue. Recall
* that queue is one-based, so 1 <= i <= size.
*
* XXX: Could further special-case i==size, but is it worth it?
* XXX: Could special-case i==0, but is it worth it?
*/
private E remove(int i) {
assert i <= size;
modCount++;
E result = (E) queue[i];
queue[i] = queue[size];
queue[size--] = null; // Drop extra ref to prevent memory leak
if (i <= size)
fixDown(i);
return result;
}
/**
* Establishes the heap invariant (described above) assuming the heap
* satisfies the invariant except possibly for the leaf-node indexed by k
* (which may have a nextExecutionTime less than its parent's).
*
* This method functions by "promoting" queue[k] up the hierarchy
* (by swapping it with its parent) repeatedly until queue[k]
* is greater than or equal to its parent.
*/
private void fixUp(int k) {
if (comparator == null) {
while (k > 1) {
int j = k >> 1;
if (((Comparable)queue[j]).compareTo((E)queue[k]) <= 0)
break;
Object tmp = queue[j]; queue[j] = queue[k]; queue[k] = tmp;
k = j;
}
} else {
while (k > 1) {
int j = k >> 1;
if (comparator.compare((E)queue[j], (E)queue[k]) <= 0)
break;
Object tmp = queue[j]; queue[j] = queue[k]; queue[k] = tmp;
k = j;
}
}
}
/**
* Establishes the heap invariant (described above) in the subtree
* rooted at k, which is assumed to satisfy the heap invariant except
* possibly for node k itself (which may be greater than its children).
*
* This method functions by "demoting" queue[k] down the hierarchy
* (by swapping it with its smaller child) repeatedly until queue[k]
* is less than or equal to its children.
*/
private void fixDown(int k) {
int j;
if (comparator == null) {
while ((j = k << 1) <= size) {
if (j)queue[j]).compareTo((E)queue[j+1]) > 0)
j++; // j indexes smallest kid
if (((Comparable)queue[k]).compareTo((E)queue[j]) <= 0)
break;
Object tmp = queue[j]; queue[j] = queue[k]; queue[k] = tmp;
k = j;
}
} else {
while ((j = k << 1) <= size) {
if (j < size && comparator.compare((E)queue[j], (E)queue[j+1]) > 0)
j++; // j indexes smallest kid
if (comparator.compare((E)queue[k], (E)queue[j]) <= 0)
break;
Object tmp = queue[j]; queue[j] = queue[k]; queue[k] = tmp;
k = j;
}
}
}
/**
* Returns the comparator used to order this collection, or null
* if this collection is sorted according to its elements natural ordering
* (using Comparable).
*
* @return the comparator used to order this collection, or null
* if this collection is sorted according to its elements natural ordering.
*/
public Comparator super E> comparator() {
return comparator;
}
/**
* Save the state of the instance to a stream (that
* is, serialize it).
*
* @serialData The length of the array backing the instance is
* emitted (int), followed by all of its elements (each an
* Object) in the proper order.
* @param s the stream
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out array length
s.writeInt(queue.length);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; iArrayList instance from a stream (that is,
* deserialize it).
* @param s the stream
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in array length and allocate array
int arrayLength = s.readInt();
queue = new Object[arrayLength];
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i