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/* |
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* %W% %E% |
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* Copyright 1995-2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved. |
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* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. |
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* |
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* Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. |
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* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms. |
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* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
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* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as |
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* published by the Free Software Foundation. Sun designates this |
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* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided |
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* by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. |
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* |
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* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
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* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or |
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* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License |
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* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that |
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* accompanied this code). |
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* |
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* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version |
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* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, |
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* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. |
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* |
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* Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, |
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* CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or |
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* have any questions. |
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*/ |
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package java.util; |
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import java.io.*; |
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import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; |
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import sun.misc.Unsafe; |
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/** |
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* An instance of this class is used to generate a stream of |
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* pseudorandom numbers. The class uses a 48-bit seed, which is |
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* modified using a linear congruential formula. (See Donald Knuth, |
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* <i>The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2</i>, Section 3.2.1.) |
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* An instance of this class is used to generate a stream of |
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* pseudorandom numbers. The class uses a 48-bit seed, which is |
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* modified using a linear congruential formula. (See Donald Knuth, |
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* <i>The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3</i>, Section 3.2.1.) |
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* <p> |
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* If two instances of <code>Random</code> are created with the same |
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* seed, and the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they |
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* will generate and return identical sequences of numbers. In order to |
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* guarantee this property, particular algorithms are specified for the |
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* class <tt>Random</tt>. Java implementations must use all the algorithms |
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* shown here for the class <tt>Random</tt>, for the sake of absolute |
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* portability of Java code. However, subclasses of class <tt>Random</tt> |
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* are permitted to use other algorithms, so long as they adhere to the |
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* If two instances of {@code Random} are created with the same |
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* seed, and the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they |
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* will generate and return identical sequences of numbers. In order to |
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* guarantee this property, particular algorithms are specified for the |
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* class {@code Random}. Java implementations must use all the algorithms |
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* shown here for the class {@code Random}, for the sake of absolute |
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* portability of Java code. However, subclasses of class {@code Random} |
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* are permitted to use other algorithms, so long as they adhere to the |
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* general contracts for all the methods. |
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* <p> |
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* The algorithms implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> use a |
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* <tt>protected</tt> utility method that on each invocation can supply |
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* The algorithms implemented by class {@code Random} use a |
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* {@code protected} utility method that on each invocation can supply |
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* up to 32 pseudorandomly generated bits. |
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* <p> |
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* Many applications will find the <code>random</code> method in |
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* class <code>Math</code> simpler to use. |
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* Many applications will find the method {@link Math#random} simpler to use. |
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* |
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* @author Frank Yellin |
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* @version %I%, %G% |
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* @see java.lang.Math#random() |
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* @since JDK1.0 |
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* @since 1.0 |
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*/ |
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public |
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class Random implements java.io.Serializable { |
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* The internal state associated with this pseudorandom number generator. |
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* (The specs for the methods in this class describe the ongoing |
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* computation of this value.) |
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* |
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* @serial |
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*/ |
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private AtomicLong seed; |
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private final AtomicLong seed; |
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private final static long multiplier = 0x5DEECE66DL; |
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private final static long addend = 0xBL; |
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public Random() { this(++seedUniquifier + System.nanoTime()); } |
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private static volatile long seedUniquifier = 8682522807148012L; |
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/** |
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* Creates a new random number generator using a single |
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* <code>long</code> seed: |
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* <blockquote><pre> |
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* public Random(long seed) { setSeed(seed); }</pre></blockquote> |
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* Used by method <tt>next</tt> to hold |
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* the state of the pseudorandom number generator. |
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/** |
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* Creates a new random number generator using a single {@code long} seed. |
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* The seed is the initial value of the internal state of the pseudorandom |
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* number generator which is maintained by method {@link #next}. |
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* |
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* <p>The invocation {@code new Random(seed)} is equivalent to: |
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* <pre> {@code |
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* Random rnd = new Random(); |
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* rnd.setSeed(seed);}</pre> |
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* |
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* @param seed the initial seed. |
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* @see java.util.Random#setSeed(long) |
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* @param seed the initial seed |
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* @see #setSeed(long) |
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*/ |
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public Random(long seed) { |
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this.seed = new AtomicLong(0L); |
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/** |
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* Sets the seed of this random number generator using a single |
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* <code>long</code> seed. The general contract of |
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* <tt>setSeed</tt> is that it alters the state of this random |
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* number generator object so as to be in exactly the same state |
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* as if it had just been created with the argument <tt>seed</tt> |
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* as a seed. The method <tt>setSeed</tt> is implemented by class |
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* Random using a thread-safe update of the seed to <code> (seed * |
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* 0x5DEECE66DL + 0xBL) & ((1L << 48) - 1)</code> and clearing the |
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* <code>haveNextNextGaussian</code> flag used by {@link |
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* #nextGaussian}. The implementation of <tt>setSeed</tt> by class |
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* <tt>Random</tt> happens to use only 48 bits of the given |
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* seed. In general, however, an overriding method may use all 64 |
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* bits of the long argument as a seed value. |
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* {@code long} seed. The general contract of {@code setSeed} is |
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* that it alters the state of this random number generator object |
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* so as to be in exactly the same state as if it had just been |
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* created with the argument {@code seed} as a seed. The method |
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* {@code setSeed} is implemented by class {@code Random} by |
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* atomically updating the seed to |
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* <pre>{@code (seed ^ 0x5DEECE66DL) & ((1L << 48) - 1)}</pre> |
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* and clearing the {@code haveNextNextGaussian} flag used by {@link |
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* #nextGaussian}. |
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* |
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* <p>The implementation of {@code setSeed} by class {@code Random} |
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* happens to use only 48 bits of the given seed. In general, however, |
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* an overriding method may use all 64 bits of the {@code long} |
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* argument as a seed value. |
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* |
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* @param seed the initial seed. |
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* @param seed the initial seed |
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*/ |
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synchronized public void setSeed(long seed) { |
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seed = (seed ^ multiplier) & mask; |
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this.seed.set(seed); |
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haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
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haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
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} |
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/** |
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* Generates the next pseudorandom number. Subclass should |
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* override this, as this is used by all other methods.<p> The |
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* general contract of <tt>next</tt> is that it returns an |
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* <tt>int</tt> value and if the argument bits is between |
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* <tt>1</tt> and <tt>32</tt> (inclusive), then that many |
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* low-order bits of the returned value will be (approximately) |
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* independently chosen bit values, each of which is |
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* (approximately) equally likely to be <tt>0</tt> or |
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* <tt>1</tt>. The method <tt>next</tt> is implemented by class |
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* <tt>Random</tt> using a thread-safe update of the seed to <code> |
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* (seed * 0x5DEECE66DL + 0xBL) & ((1L << 48) - 1)</code> and |
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* returning <code>(int)(seed >>> (48 - bits))</code>. This is a |
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* linear congruential pseudorandom number generator, as defined |
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* by D. H. Lehmer and described by Donald E. Knuth in <i>The Art |
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* of Computer Programming,</i> Volume 2: <i>Seminumerical |
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* Algorithms</i>, section 3.2.1. |
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* |
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* @param bits random bits |
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* @return the next pseudorandom value from this random number generator's sequence. |
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* @since JDK1.1 |
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* Generates the next pseudorandom number. Subclasses should |
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* override this, as this is used by all other methods. |
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* |
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* <p>The general contract of {@code next} is that it returns an |
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* {@code int} value and if the argument {@code bits} is between |
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* {@code 1} and {@code 32} (inclusive), then that many low-order |
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* bits of the returned value will be (approximately) independently |
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* chosen bit values, each of which is (approximately) equally |
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* likely to be {@code 0} or {@code 1}. The method {@code next} is |
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* implemented by class {@code Random} by atomically updating the seed to |
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* <pre>{@code (seed * 0x5DEECE66DL + 0xBL) & ((1L << 48) - 1)}</pre> |
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* and returning |
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* <pre>{@code (int)(seed >>> (48 - bits))}.</pre> |
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* |
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* This is a linear congruential pseudorandom number generator, as |
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* defined by D. H. Lehmer and described by Donald E. Knuth in |
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* <i>The Art of Computer Programming,</i> Volume 3: |
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* <i>Seminumerical Algorithms</i>, section 3.2.1. |
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* |
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* @param bits random bits |
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* @return the next pseudorandom value from this random number |
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* generator's sequence |
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* @since 1.1 |
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*/ |
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protected int next(int bits) { |
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long oldseed, nextseed; |
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AtomicLong seed = this.seed; |
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do { |
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oldseed = seed.get(); |
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nextseed = (oldseed * multiplier + addend) & mask; |
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oldseed = seed.get(); |
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nextseed = (oldseed * multiplier + addend) & mask; |
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} while (!seed.compareAndSet(oldseed, nextseed)); |
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return (int)(nextseed >>> (48 - bits)); |
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} |
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|
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private static final int BITS_PER_BYTE = 8; |
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private static final int BYTES_PER_INT = 4; |
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|
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/** |
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* Generates random bytes and places them into a user-supplied |
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* byte array. The number of random bytes produced is equal to |
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* Generates random bytes and places them into a user-supplied |
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* byte array. The number of random bytes produced is equal to |
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* the length of the byte array. |
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* |
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* @param bytes the non-null byte array in which to put the |
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* random bytes. |
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* @since JDK1.1 |
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* |
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* <p>The method {@code nextBytes} is implemented by class {@code Random} |
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* as if by: |
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* <pre> {@code |
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* public void nextBytes(byte[] bytes) { |
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* for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; ) |
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* for (int rnd = nextInt(), n = Math.min(bytes.length - i, 4); |
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* n-- > 0; rnd >>= 8) |
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* bytes[i++] = (byte)rnd; |
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* }}</pre> |
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* |
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* @param bytes the byte array to fill with random bytes |
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* @throws NullPointerException if the byte array is null |
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* @since 1.1 |
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*/ |
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public void nextBytes(byte[] bytes) { |
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< |
int numRequested = bytes.length; |
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|
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int numGot = 0, rnd = 0; |
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|
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while (true) { |
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for (int i = 0; i < BYTES_PER_INT; i++) { |
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< |
if (numGot == numRequested) |
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return; |
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|
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< |
rnd = (i==0 ? next(BITS_PER_BYTE * BYTES_PER_INT) |
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: rnd >> BITS_PER_BYTE); |
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bytes[numGot++] = (byte)rnd; |
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} |
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} |
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> |
for (int i = 0, len = bytes.length; i < len; ) |
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> |
for (int rnd = nextInt(), |
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n = Math.min(len - i, Integer.SIZE/Byte.SIZE); |
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n-- > 0; rnd >>= Byte.SIZE) |
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bytes[i++] = (byte)rnd; |
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} |
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|
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/** |
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< |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>int</code> |
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< |
* value from this random number generator's sequence. The general |
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* contract of <tt>nextInt</tt> is that one <tt>int</tt> value is |
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> |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code int} |
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* value from this random number generator's sequence. The general |
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> |
* contract of {@code nextInt} is that one {@code int} value is |
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* pseudorandomly generated and returned. All 2<font size="-1"><sup>32 |
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< |
* </sup></font> possible <tt>int</tt> values are produced with |
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* (approximately) equal probability. The method <tt>nextInt</tt> is |
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< |
* implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as follows: |
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* <blockquote><pre> |
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* public int nextInt() { return next(32); }</pre></blockquote> |
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* </sup></font> possible {@code int} values are produced with |
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* (approximately) equal probability. |
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> |
* |
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* <p>The method {@code nextInt} is implemented by class {@code Random} |
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* as if by: |
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> |
* <pre> {@code |
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> |
* public int nextInt() { |
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> |
* return next(32); |
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> |
* }}</pre> |
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* |
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< |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>int</code> |
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* value from this random number generator's sequence. |
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> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code int} |
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* value from this random number generator's sequence |
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*/ |
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< |
public int nextInt() { return next(32); } |
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> |
public int nextInt() { |
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> |
return next(32); |
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> |
} |
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|
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/** |
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< |
* Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <tt>int</tt> value |
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> |
* Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code int} value |
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* between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive), drawn from |
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* this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of |
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< |
* <tt>nextInt</tt> is that one <tt>int</tt> value in the specified range |
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< |
* is pseudorandomly generated and returned. All <tt>n</tt> possible |
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< |
* <tt>int</tt> values are produced with (approximately) equal |
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< |
* probability. The method <tt>nextInt(int n)</tt> is implemented by |
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< |
* class <tt>Random</tt> as follows: |
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< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
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> |
* {@code nextInt} is that one {@code int} value in the specified range |
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> |
* is pseudorandomly generated and returned. All {@code n} possible |
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> |
* {@code int} values are produced with (approximately) equal |
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> |
* probability. The method {@code nextInt(int n)} is implemented by |
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> |
* class {@code Random} as if by: |
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> |
* <pre> {@code |
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* public int nextInt(int n) { |
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< |
* if (n<=0) |
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< |
* throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive"); |
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> |
* if (n <= 0) |
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> |
* throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive"); |
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* |
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< |
* if ((n & -n) == n) // i.e., n is a power of 2 |
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< |
* return (int)((n * (long)next(31)) >> 31); |
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> |
* if ((n & -n) == n) // i.e., n is a power of 2 |
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> |
* return (int)((n * (long)next(31)) >> 31); |
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* |
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< |
* int bits, val; |
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< |
* do { |
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< |
* bits = next(31); |
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< |
* val = bits % n; |
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< |
* } while(bits - val + (n-1) < 0); |
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< |
* return val; |
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< |
* } |
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< |
* </pre></blockquote> |
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< |
* <p> |
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< |
* The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only |
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> |
* int bits, val; |
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> |
* do { |
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> |
* bits = next(31); |
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> |
* val = bits % n; |
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> |
* } while (bits - val + (n-1) < 0); |
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> |
* return val; |
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> |
* }}</pre> |
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> |
* |
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> |
* <p>The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only |
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|
* because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of |
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< |
* independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly |
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< |
* chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose <tt>int</tt> |
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> |
* independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly |
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> |
* chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose {@code int} |
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* values from the stated range with perfect uniformity. |
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* <p> |
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* The algorithm is slightly tricky. It rejects values that would result |
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* successive calls to this method if n is a small power of two. |
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* |
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* @param n the bound on the random number to be returned. Must be |
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< |
* positive. |
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< |
* @return a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <tt>int</tt> |
| 257 |
< |
* value between 0 (inclusive) and n (exclusive). |
| 258 |
< |
* @exception IllegalArgumentException n is not positive. |
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> |
* positive. |
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> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code int} |
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> |
* value between {@code 0} (inclusive) and {@code n} (exclusive) |
| 258 |
> |
* from this random number generator's sequence |
| 259 |
> |
* @exception IllegalArgumentException if n is not positive |
| 260 |
|
* @since 1.2 |
| 261 |
|
*/ |
| 262 |
|
|
| 263 |
|
public int nextInt(int n) { |
| 264 |
< |
if (n<=0) |
| 264 |
> |
if (n <= 0) |
| 265 |
|
throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive"); |
| 266 |
|
|
| 267 |
|
if ((n & -n) == n) // i.e., n is a power of 2 |
| 271 |
|
do { |
| 272 |
|
bits = next(31); |
| 273 |
|
val = bits % n; |
| 274 |
< |
} while(bits - val + (n-1) < 0); |
| 274 |
> |
} while (bits - val + (n-1) < 0); |
| 275 |
|
return val; |
| 276 |
|
} |
| 277 |
|
|
| 278 |
|
/** |
| 279 |
< |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>long</code> |
| 280 |
< |
* value from this random number generator's sequence. The general |
| 281 |
< |
* contract of <tt>nextLong</tt> is that one long value is pseudorandomly |
| 282 |
< |
* generated and returned. All 2<font size="-1"><sup>64</sup></font> |
| 283 |
< |
* possible <tt>long</tt> values are produced with (approximately) equal |
| 284 |
< |
* probability. The method <tt>nextLong</tt> is implemented by class |
| 285 |
< |
* <tt>Random</tt> as follows: |
| 286 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 279 |
> |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code long} |
| 280 |
> |
* value from this random number generator's sequence. The general |
| 281 |
> |
* contract of {@code nextLong} is that one {@code long} value is |
| 282 |
> |
* pseudorandomly generated and returned. |
| 283 |
> |
* |
| 284 |
> |
* <p>The method {@code nextLong} is implemented by class {@code Random} |
| 285 |
> |
* as if by: |
| 286 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 287 |
|
* public long nextLong() { |
| 288 |
< |
* return ((long)next(32) << 32) + next(32); |
| 289 |
< |
* }</pre></blockquote> |
| 288 |
> |
* return ((long)next(32) << 32) + next(32); |
| 289 |
> |
* }}</pre> |
| 290 |
|
* |
| 291 |
< |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>long</code> |
| 292 |
< |
* value from this random number generator's sequence. |
| 291 |
> |
* Because class {@code Random} uses a seed with only 48 bits, |
| 292 |
> |
* this algorithm will not return all possible {@code long} values. |
| 293 |
> |
* |
| 294 |
> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code long} |
| 295 |
> |
* value from this random number generator's sequence |
| 296 |
|
*/ |
| 297 |
|
public long nextLong() { |
| 298 |
|
// it's okay that the bottom word remains signed. |
| 301 |
|
|
| 302 |
|
/** |
| 303 |
|
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed |
| 304 |
< |
* <code>boolean</code> value from this random number generator's |
| 305 |
< |
* sequence. The general contract of <tt>nextBoolean</tt> is that one |
| 306 |
< |
* <tt>boolean</tt> value is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The |
| 307 |
< |
* values <code>true</code> and <code>false</code> are produced with |
| 308 |
< |
* (approximately) equal probability. The method <tt>nextBoolean</tt> is |
| 309 |
< |
* implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as follows: |
| 310 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 311 |
< |
* public boolean nextBoolean() {return next(1) != 0;} |
| 312 |
< |
* </pre></blockquote> |
| 313 |
< |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed |
| 314 |
< |
* <code>boolean</code> value from this random number generator's |
| 315 |
< |
* sequence. |
| 304 |
> |
* {@code boolean} value from this random number generator's |
| 305 |
> |
* sequence. The general contract of {@code nextBoolean} is that one |
| 306 |
> |
* {@code boolean} value is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The |
| 307 |
> |
* values {@code true} and {@code false} are produced with |
| 308 |
> |
* (approximately) equal probability. |
| 309 |
> |
* |
| 310 |
> |
* <p>The method {@code nextBoolean} is implemented by class {@code Random} |
| 311 |
> |
* as if by: |
| 312 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 313 |
> |
* public boolean nextBoolean() { |
| 314 |
> |
* return next(1) != 0; |
| 315 |
> |
* }}</pre> |
| 316 |
> |
* |
| 317 |
> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed |
| 318 |
> |
* {@code boolean} value from this random number generator's |
| 319 |
> |
* sequence |
| 320 |
|
* @since 1.2 |
| 321 |
|
*/ |
| 322 |
< |
public boolean nextBoolean() {return next(1) != 0;} |
| 322 |
> |
public boolean nextBoolean() { |
| 323 |
> |
return next(1) != 0; |
| 324 |
> |
} |
| 325 |
|
|
| 326 |
|
/** |
| 327 |
< |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>float</code> |
| 328 |
< |
* value between <code>0.0</code> and <code>1.0</code> from this random |
| 329 |
< |
* number generator's sequence. <p> |
| 330 |
< |
* The general contract of <tt>nextFloat</tt> is that one <tt>float</tt> |
| 331 |
< |
* value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the range <tt>0.0f</tt> |
| 332 |
< |
* (inclusive) to <tt>1.0f</tt> (exclusive), is pseudorandomly |
| 333 |
< |
* generated and returned. All 2<font size="-1"><sup>24</sup></font> |
| 334 |
< |
* possible <tt>float</tt> values of the form |
| 335 |
< |
* <i>m x </i>2<font size="-1"><sup>-24</sup></font>, where |
| 336 |
< |
* <i>m</i> is a positive integer less than 2<font size="-1"><sup>24</sup> |
| 337 |
< |
* </font>, are produced with (approximately) equal probability. The |
| 338 |
< |
* method <tt>nextFloat</tt> is implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as |
| 339 |
< |
* follows: |
| 340 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 327 |
> |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code float} |
| 328 |
> |
* value between {@code 0.0} and {@code 1.0} from this random |
| 329 |
> |
* number generator's sequence. |
| 330 |
> |
* |
| 331 |
> |
* <p>The general contract of {@code nextFloat} is that one |
| 332 |
> |
* {@code float} value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the |
| 333 |
> |
* range {@code 0.0f} (inclusive) to {@code 1.0f} (exclusive), is |
| 334 |
> |
* pseudorandomly generated and returned. All 2<font |
| 335 |
> |
* size="-1"><sup>24</sup></font> possible {@code float} values |
| 336 |
> |
* of the form <i>m x </i>2<font |
| 337 |
> |
* size="-1"><sup>-24</sup></font>, where <i>m</i> is a positive |
| 338 |
> |
* integer less than 2<font size="-1"><sup>24</sup> </font>, are |
| 339 |
> |
* produced with (approximately) equal probability. |
| 340 |
> |
* |
| 341 |
> |
* <p>The method {@code nextFloat} is implemented by class {@code Random} |
| 342 |
> |
* as if by: |
| 343 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 344 |
|
* public float nextFloat() { |
| 345 |
< |
* return next(24) / ((float)(1 << 24)); |
| 346 |
< |
* }</pre></blockquote> |
| 347 |
< |
* The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only |
| 348 |
< |
* because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of |
| 349 |
< |
* independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source or randomly |
| 350 |
< |
* chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose <tt>float</tt> |
| 345 |
> |
* return next(24) / ((float)(1 << 24)); |
| 346 |
> |
* }}</pre> |
| 347 |
> |
* |
| 348 |
> |
* <p>The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only |
| 349 |
> |
* because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of |
| 350 |
> |
* independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly |
| 351 |
> |
* chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose {@code float} |
| 352 |
|
* values from the stated range with perfect uniformity.<p> |
| 353 |
|
* [In early versions of Java, the result was incorrectly calculated as: |
| 354 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 355 |
< |
* return next(30) / ((float)(1 << 30));</pre></blockquote> |
| 356 |
< |
* This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it |
| 357 |
< |
* introduced a slight nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding |
| 358 |
< |
* of floating-point numbers: it was slightly more likely that the |
| 359 |
< |
* low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be 1.] |
| 360 |
< |
* |
| 361 |
< |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed <code>float</code> |
| 362 |
< |
* value between <code>0.0</code> and <code>1.0</code> from this |
| 363 |
< |
* random number generator's sequence. |
| 354 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 355 |
> |
* return next(30) / ((float)(1 << 30));}</pre> |
| 356 |
> |
* This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it |
| 357 |
> |
* introduced a slight nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding |
| 358 |
> |
* of floating-point numbers: it was slightly more likely that the |
| 359 |
> |
* low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be 1.] |
| 360 |
> |
* |
| 361 |
> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code float} |
| 362 |
> |
* value between {@code 0.0} and {@code 1.0} from this |
| 363 |
> |
* random number generator's sequence |
| 364 |
|
*/ |
| 365 |
|
public float nextFloat() { |
| 366 |
< |
int i = next(24); |
| 329 |
< |
return i / ((float)(1 << 24)); |
| 366 |
> |
return next(24) / ((float)(1 << 24)); |
| 367 |
|
} |
| 368 |
|
|
| 369 |
|
/** |
| 370 |
< |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed |
| 371 |
< |
* <code>double</code> value between <code>0.0</code> and |
| 372 |
< |
* <code>1.0</code> from this random number generator's sequence. <p> |
| 373 |
< |
* The general contract of <tt>nextDouble</tt> is that one |
| 374 |
< |
* <tt>double</tt> value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the |
| 375 |
< |
* range <tt>0.0d</tt> (inclusive) to <tt>1.0d</tt> (exclusive), is |
| 376 |
< |
* pseudorandomly generated and returned. All |
| 377 |
< |
* 2<font size="-1"><sup>53</sup></font> possible <tt>float</tt> |
| 378 |
< |
* values of the form <i>m x </i>2<font size="-1"><sup>-53</sup> |
| 379 |
< |
* </font>, where <i>m</i> is a positive integer less than |
| 380 |
< |
* 2<font size="-1"><sup>53</sup></font>, are produced with |
| 381 |
< |
* (approximately) equal probability. The method <tt>nextDouble</tt> is |
| 345 |
< |
* implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as follows: |
| 346 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 370 |
> |
* Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed |
| 371 |
> |
* {@code double} value between {@code 0.0} and |
| 372 |
> |
* {@code 1.0} from this random number generator's sequence. |
| 373 |
> |
* |
| 374 |
> |
* <p>The general contract of {@code nextDouble} is that one |
| 375 |
> |
* {@code double} value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the |
| 376 |
> |
* range {@code 0.0d} (inclusive) to {@code 1.0d} (exclusive), is |
| 377 |
> |
* pseudorandomly generated and returned. |
| 378 |
> |
* |
| 379 |
> |
* <p>The method {@code nextDouble} is implemented by class {@code Random} |
| 380 |
> |
* as if by: |
| 381 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 382 |
|
* public double nextDouble() { |
| 383 |
< |
* return (((long)next(26) << 27) + next(27)) |
| 384 |
< |
* / (double)(1L << 53); |
| 385 |
< |
* }</pre></blockquote><p> |
| 386 |
< |
* The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only |
| 387 |
< |
* because the <tt>next</tt> method is only approximately an unbiased |
| 388 |
< |
* source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source or |
| 389 |
< |
* randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose |
| 390 |
< |
* <tt>double</tt> values from the stated range with perfect uniformity. |
| 383 |
> |
* return (((long)next(26) << 27) + next(27)) |
| 384 |
> |
* / (double)(1L << 53); |
| 385 |
> |
* }}</pre> |
| 386 |
> |
* |
| 387 |
> |
* <p>The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only |
| 388 |
> |
* because the {@code next} method is only approximately an unbiased |
| 389 |
> |
* source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of |
| 390 |
> |
* randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose |
| 391 |
> |
* {@code double} values from the stated range with perfect uniformity. |
| 392 |
|
* <p>[In early versions of Java, the result was incorrectly calculated as: |
| 393 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 394 |
< |
* return (((long)next(27) << 27) + next(27)) |
| 395 |
< |
* / (double)(1L << 54);</pre></blockquote> |
| 396 |
< |
* This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it |
| 397 |
< |
* introduced a large nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding |
| 398 |
< |
* of floating-point numbers: it was three times as likely that the |
| 399 |
< |
* low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be |
| 400 |
< |
* 1! This nonuniformity probably doesn't matter much in practice, but |
| 401 |
< |
* we strive for perfection.] |
| 402 |
< |
* |
| 403 |
< |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed |
| 404 |
< |
* <code>double</code> value between <code>0.0</code> and |
| 405 |
< |
* <code>1.0</code> from this random number generator's sequence. |
| 393 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 394 |
> |
* return (((long)next(27) << 27) + next(27)) |
| 395 |
> |
* / (double)(1L << 54);}</pre> |
| 396 |
> |
* This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it |
| 397 |
> |
* introduced a large nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding |
| 398 |
> |
* of floating-point numbers: it was three times as likely that the |
| 399 |
> |
* low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be 1! |
| 400 |
> |
* This nonuniformity probably doesn't matter much in practice, but we |
| 401 |
> |
* strive for perfection.] |
| 402 |
> |
* |
| 403 |
> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code double} |
| 404 |
> |
* value between {@code 0.0} and {@code 1.0} from this |
| 405 |
> |
* random number generator's sequence |
| 406 |
> |
* @see Math#random |
| 407 |
|
*/ |
| 408 |
|
public double nextDouble() { |
| 409 |
< |
long l = ((long)(next(26)) << 27) + next(27); |
| 410 |
< |
return l / (double)(1L << 53); |
| 409 |
> |
return (((long)(next(26)) << 27) + next(27)) |
| 410 |
> |
/ (double)(1L << 53); |
| 411 |
|
} |
| 412 |
|
|
| 413 |
|
private double nextNextGaussian; |
| 415 |
|
|
| 416 |
|
/** |
| 417 |
|
* Returns the next pseudorandom, Gaussian ("normally") distributed |
| 418 |
< |
* <code>double</code> value with mean <code>0.0</code> and standard |
| 419 |
< |
* deviation <code>1.0</code> from this random number generator's sequence. |
| 418 |
> |
* {@code double} value with mean {@code 0.0} and standard |
| 419 |
> |
* deviation {@code 1.0} from this random number generator's sequence. |
| 420 |
|
* <p> |
| 421 |
< |
* The general contract of <tt>nextGaussian</tt> is that one |
| 422 |
< |
* <tt>double</tt> value, chosen from (approximately) the usual |
| 423 |
< |
* normal distribution with mean <tt>0.0</tt> and standard deviation |
| 424 |
< |
* <tt>1.0</tt>, is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The method |
| 425 |
< |
* <tt>nextGaussian</tt> is implemented by class <tt>Random</tt> as if |
| 426 |
< |
* by a threadsafe version of the following: |
| 427 |
< |
* <blockquote><pre> |
| 421 |
> |
* The general contract of {@code nextGaussian} is that one |
| 422 |
> |
* {@code double} value, chosen from (approximately) the usual |
| 423 |
> |
* normal distribution with mean {@code 0.0} and standard deviation |
| 424 |
> |
* {@code 1.0}, is pseudorandomly generated and returned. |
| 425 |
> |
* |
| 426 |
> |
* <p>The method {@code nextGaussian} is implemented by class |
| 427 |
> |
* {@code Random} as if by a threadsafe version of the following: |
| 428 |
> |
* <pre> {@code |
| 429 |
> |
* private double nextNextGaussian; |
| 430 |
> |
* private boolean haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
| 431 |
> |
* |
| 432 |
|
* public double nextGaussian() { |
| 433 |
< |
* if (haveNextNextGaussian) { |
| 434 |
< |
* haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
| 435 |
< |
* return nextNextGaussian; |
| 436 |
< |
* } else { |
| 437 |
< |
* double v1, v2, s; |
| 438 |
< |
* do { |
| 439 |
< |
* v1 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1.0 and 1.0 |
| 440 |
< |
* v2 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1.0 and 1.0 |
| 441 |
< |
* s = v1 * v1 + v2 * v2; |
| 442 |
< |
* } while (s >= 1 || s == 0); |
| 443 |
< |
* double multiplier = StrictMath.sqrt(-2 * StrictMath.log(s)/s); |
| 444 |
< |
* nextNextGaussian = v2 * multiplier; |
| 445 |
< |
* haveNextNextGaussian = true; |
| 446 |
< |
* return v1 * multiplier; |
| 447 |
< |
* } |
| 448 |
< |
* }</pre></blockquote> |
| 449 |
< |
* This uses the <i>polar method</i> of G. E. P. Box, M. E. Muller, and |
| 450 |
< |
* G. Marsaglia, as described by Donald E. Knuth in <i>The Art of |
| 451 |
< |
* Computer Programming</i>, Volume 2: <i>Seminumerical Algorithms</i>, |
| 433 |
> |
* if (haveNextNextGaussian) { |
| 434 |
> |
* haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
| 435 |
> |
* return nextNextGaussian; |
| 436 |
> |
* } else { |
| 437 |
> |
* double v1, v2, s; |
| 438 |
> |
* do { |
| 439 |
> |
* v1 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1.0 and 1.0 |
| 440 |
> |
* v2 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1.0 and 1.0 |
| 441 |
> |
* s = v1 * v1 + v2 * v2; |
| 442 |
> |
* } while (s >= 1 || s == 0); |
| 443 |
> |
* double multiplier = StrictMath.sqrt(-2 * StrictMath.log(s)/s); |
| 444 |
> |
* nextNextGaussian = v2 * multiplier; |
| 445 |
> |
* haveNextNextGaussian = true; |
| 446 |
> |
* return v1 * multiplier; |
| 447 |
> |
* } |
| 448 |
> |
* }}</pre> |
| 449 |
> |
* This uses the <i>polar method</i> of G. E. P. Box, M. E. Muller, and |
| 450 |
> |
* G. Marsaglia, as described by Donald E. Knuth in <i>The Art of |
| 451 |
> |
* Computer Programming</i>, Volume 3: <i>Seminumerical Algorithms</i>, |
| 452 |
|
* section 3.4.1, subsection C, algorithm P. Note that it generates two |
| 453 |
< |
* independent values at the cost of only one call to <tt>StrictMath.log</tt> |
| 454 |
< |
* and one call to <tt>StrictMath.sqrt</tt>. |
| 453 |
> |
* independent values at the cost of only one call to {@code StrictMath.log} |
| 454 |
> |
* and one call to {@code StrictMath.sqrt}. |
| 455 |
|
* |
| 456 |
< |
* @return the next pseudorandom, Gaussian ("normally") distributed |
| 457 |
< |
* <code>double</code> value with mean <code>0.0</code> and |
| 458 |
< |
* standard deviation <code>1.0</code> from this random number |
| 459 |
< |
* generator's sequence. |
| 456 |
> |
* @return the next pseudorandom, Gaussian ("normally") distributed |
| 457 |
> |
* {@code double} value with mean {@code 0.0} and |
| 458 |
> |
* standard deviation {@code 1.0} from this random number |
| 459 |
> |
* generator's sequence |
| 460 |
|
*/ |
| 461 |
|
synchronized public double nextGaussian() { |
| 462 |
|
// See Knuth, ACP, Section 3.4.1 Algorithm C. |
| 463 |
|
if (haveNextNextGaussian) { |
| 464 |
< |
haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
| 465 |
< |
return nextNextGaussian; |
| 466 |
< |
} else { |
| 464 |
> |
haveNextNextGaussian = false; |
| 465 |
> |
return nextNextGaussian; |
| 466 |
> |
} else { |
| 467 |
|
double v1, v2, s; |
| 468 |
< |
do { |
| 468 |
> |
do { |
| 469 |
|
v1 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1 and 1 |
| 470 |
< |
v2 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1 and 1 |
| 470 |
> |
v2 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1 and 1 |
| 471 |
|
s = v1 * v1 + v2 * v2; |
| 472 |
< |
} while (s >= 1 || s == 0); |
| 473 |
< |
double multiplier = StrictMath.sqrt(-2 * StrictMath.log(s)/s); |
| 474 |
< |
nextNextGaussian = v2 * multiplier; |
| 475 |
< |
haveNextNextGaussian = true; |
| 476 |
< |
return v1 * multiplier; |
| 472 |
> |
} while (s >= 1 || s == 0); |
| 473 |
> |
double multiplier = StrictMath.sqrt(-2 * StrictMath.log(s)/s); |
| 474 |
> |
nextNextGaussian = v2 * multiplier; |
| 475 |
> |
haveNextNextGaussian = true; |
| 476 |
> |
return v1 * multiplier; |
| 477 |
|
} |
| 478 |
|
} |
| 479 |
|
|
| 480 |
|
/** |
| 481 |
|
* Serializable fields for Random. |
| 482 |
|
* |
| 483 |
< |
* @serialField seed long; |
| 483 |
> |
* @serialField seed long |
| 484 |
|
* seed for random computations |
| 485 |
< |
* @serialField nextNextGaussian double; |
| 485 |
> |
* @serialField nextNextGaussian double |
| 486 |
|
* next Gaussian to be returned |
| 487 |
|
* @serialField haveNextNextGaussian boolean |
| 488 |
|
* nextNextGaussian is valid |
| 491 |
|
new ObjectStreamField("seed", Long.TYPE), |
| 492 |
|
new ObjectStreamField("nextNextGaussian", Double.TYPE), |
| 493 |
|
new ObjectStreamField("haveNextNextGaussian", Boolean.TYPE) |
| 494 |
< |
}; |
| 494 |
> |
}; |
| 495 |
|
|
| 496 |
|
/** |
| 497 |
< |
* Reconstitute the <tt>Random</tt> instance from a stream (that is, |
| 498 |
< |
* deserialize it). The seed is read in as long for |
| 458 |
< |
* historical reasons, but it is converted to an AtomicLong. |
| 497 |
> |
* Reconstitute the {@code Random} instance from a stream (that is, |
| 498 |
> |
* deserialize it). |
| 499 |
|
*/ |
| 500 |
|
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) |
| 501 |
|
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { |
| 502 |
|
|
| 503 |
|
ObjectInputStream.GetField fields = s.readFields(); |
| 464 |
– |
long seedVal; |
| 504 |
|
|
| 505 |
< |
seedVal = (long) fields.get("seed", -1L); |
| 505 |
> |
// The seed is read in as {@code long} for |
| 506 |
> |
// historical reasons, but it is converted to an AtomicLong. |
| 507 |
> |
long seedVal = (long) fields.get("seed", -1L); |
| 508 |
|
if (seedVal < 0) |
| 509 |
|
throw new java.io.StreamCorruptedException( |
| 510 |
|
"Random: invalid seed"); |
| 511 |
< |
seed = new AtomicLong(seedVal); |
| 511 |
> |
resetSeed(seedVal); |
| 512 |
|
nextNextGaussian = fields.get("nextNextGaussian", 0.0); |
| 513 |
|
haveNextNextGaussian = fields.get("haveNextNextGaussian", false); |
| 514 |
|
} |
| 515 |
|
|
| 475 |
– |
|
| 516 |
|
/** |
| 517 |
< |
* Save the <tt>Random</tt> instance to a stream. |
| 478 |
< |
* The seed of a Random is serialized as a long for |
| 479 |
< |
* historical reasons. |
| 480 |
< |
* |
| 517 |
> |
* Save the {@code Random} instance to a stream. |
| 518 |
|
*/ |
| 519 |
< |
synchronized private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) throws IOException { |
| 519 |
> |
synchronized private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream s) |
| 520 |
> |
throws IOException { |
| 521 |
> |
|
| 522 |
|
// set the values of the Serializable fields |
| 523 |
|
ObjectOutputStream.PutField fields = s.putFields(); |
| 524 |
+ |
|
| 525 |
+ |
// The seed is serialized as a long for historical reasons. |
| 526 |
|
fields.put("seed", seed.get()); |
| 527 |
|
fields.put("nextNextGaussian", nextNextGaussian); |
| 528 |
|
fields.put("haveNextNextGaussian", haveNextNextGaussian); |
| 529 |
|
|
| 530 |
|
// save them |
| 531 |
|
s.writeFields(); |
| 491 |
– |
|
| 532 |
|
} |
| 533 |
|
|
| 534 |
< |
} |
| 534 |
> |
// Support for resetting seed while deserializing |
| 535 |
> |
private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe(); |
| 536 |
> |
private static final long seedOffset; |
| 537 |
> |
static { |
| 538 |
> |
try { |
| 539 |
> |
seedOffset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset |
| 540 |
> |
(Random.class.getDeclaredField("seed")); |
| 541 |
> |
} catch (Exception ex) { throw new Error(ex); } |
| 542 |
> |
} |
| 543 |
> |
private void resetSeed(long seedVal) { |
| 544 |
> |
unsafe.putObjectVolatile(this, seedOffset, new AtomicLong(seedVal)); |
| 545 |
> |
} |
| 546 |
> |
} |
