1 |
dl |
1.1 |
/* |
2 |
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* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 |
3 |
dl |
1.24 |
* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at |
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* http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain |
5 |
dl |
1.1 |
*/ |
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package java.util.concurrent; |
8 |
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import java.util.*; |
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import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*; |
10 |
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12 |
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/** |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
* An unbounded thread-safe {@linkplain Queue queue} based on linked nodes. |
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dholmes |
1.6 |
* This queue orders elements FIFO (first-in-first-out). |
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* The <em>head</em> of the queue is that element that has been on the |
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* queue the longest time. |
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* The <em>tail</em> of the queue is that element that has been on the |
18 |
dl |
1.17 |
* queue the shortest time. New elements |
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* are inserted at the tail of the queue, and the queue retrieval |
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* operations obtain elements at the head of the queue. |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
* A <tt>ConcurrentLinkedQueue</tt> is an appropriate choice when |
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dl |
1.19 |
* many threads will share access to a common collection. |
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dholmes |
1.6 |
* This queue does not permit <tt>null</tt> elements. |
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dl |
1.1 |
* |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
* <p>This implementation employs an efficient "wait-free" |
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dholmes |
1.6 |
* algorithm based on one described in <a |
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dl |
1.1 |
* href="http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/michael/PODC96.html"> Simple, |
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* Fast, and Practical Non-Blocking and Blocking Concurrent Queue |
29 |
dl |
1.15 |
* Algorithms</a> by Maged M. Michael and Michael L. Scott. |
30 |
dl |
1.1 |
* |
31 |
dholmes |
1.7 |
* <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the <tt>size</tt> method |
32 |
dl |
1.1 |
* is <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the |
33 |
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* asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current number |
34 |
dl |
1.15 |
* of elements requires a traversal of the elements. |
35 |
dl |
1.18 |
* |
36 |
dl |
1.27 |
* <p>This class and its iterator implement all of the |
37 |
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* <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Collection} and {@link |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
* Iterator} interfaces. |
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dl |
1.18 |
* |
40 |
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1.25 |
* <p>This class is a member of the |
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* <a href="{@docRoot}/../guide/collections/index.html"> |
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* Java Collections Framework</a>. |
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* |
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dl |
1.1 |
* @since 1.5 |
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* @author Doug Lea |
46 |
dl |
1.21 |
* @param <E> the type of elements held in this collection |
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tim |
1.2 |
* |
48 |
dl |
1.25 |
*/ |
49 |
dl |
1.1 |
public class ConcurrentLinkedQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E> |
50 |
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implements Queue<E>, java.io.Serializable { |
51 |
dl |
1.14 |
private static final long serialVersionUID = 196745693267521676L; |
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1.1 |
|
53 |
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/* |
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* This is a straight adaptation of Michael & Scott algorithm. |
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* For explanation, read the paper. The only (minor) algorithmic |
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* difference is that this version supports lazy deletion of |
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* internal nodes (method remove(Object)) -- remove CAS'es item |
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* fields to null. The normal queue operations unlink but then |
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* pass over nodes with null item fields. Similarly, iteration |
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* methods ignore those with nulls. |
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*/ |
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dl |
1.23 |
private static class Node<E> { |
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1.22 |
private volatile E item; |
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1.23 |
private volatile Node<E> next; |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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private static final |
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AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<Node, Node> |
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dl |
1.13 |
nextUpdater = |
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AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater |
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1.23 |
(Node.class, Node.class, "next"); |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
private static final |
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AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<Node, Object> |
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dl |
1.13 |
itemUpdater = |
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AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater |
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dl |
1.23 |
(Node.class, Object.class, "item"); |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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dl |
1.23 |
Node(E x) { item = x; } |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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dl |
1.23 |
Node(E x, Node<E> n) { item = x; next = n; } |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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dl |
1.22 |
E getItem() { |
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dl |
1.13 |
return item; |
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} |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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dl |
1.22 |
boolean casItem(E cmp, E val) { |
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1.13 |
return itemUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val); |
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} |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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dl |
1.22 |
void setItem(E val) { |
91 |
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1.13 |
itemUpdater.set(this, val); |
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} |
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jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
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dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> getNext() { |
95 |
dl |
1.13 |
return next; |
96 |
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} |
97 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
98 |
dl |
1.23 |
boolean casNext(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) { |
99 |
dl |
1.13 |
return nextUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val); |
100 |
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} |
101 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
102 |
dl |
1.23 |
void setNext(Node<E> val) { |
103 |
dl |
1.13 |
nextUpdater.set(this, val); |
104 |
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} |
105 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
|
106 |
dl |
1.13 |
} |
107 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
108 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
private static final |
109 |
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AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<ConcurrentLinkedQueue, Node> |
110 |
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tailUpdater = |
111 |
dl |
1.5 |
AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater |
112 |
dl |
1.23 |
(ConcurrentLinkedQueue.class, Node.class, "tail"); |
113 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
private static final |
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AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<ConcurrentLinkedQueue, Node> |
115 |
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headUpdater = |
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1.5 |
AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater |
117 |
dl |
1.23 |
(ConcurrentLinkedQueue.class, Node.class, "head"); |
118 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
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dl |
1.23 |
private boolean casTail(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) { |
120 |
dl |
1.1 |
return tailUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val); |
121 |
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} |
122 |
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123 |
dl |
1.23 |
private boolean casHead(Node<E> cmp, Node<E> val) { |
124 |
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1.1 |
return headUpdater.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val); |
125 |
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} |
126 |
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127 |
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128 |
tim |
1.2 |
/** |
129 |
dl |
1.1 |
* Pointer to header node, initialized to a dummy node. The first |
130 |
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* actual node is at head.getNext(). |
131 |
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*/ |
132 |
dl |
1.23 |
private transient volatile Node<E> head = new Node<E>(null, null); |
133 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
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/** Pointer to last node on list **/ |
135 |
dl |
1.23 |
private transient volatile Node<E> tail = head; |
136 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
137 |
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138 |
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/** |
139 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
* Creates a <tt>ConcurrentLinkedQueue</tt> that is initially empty. |
140 |
dl |
1.1 |
*/ |
141 |
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public ConcurrentLinkedQueue() {} |
142 |
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143 |
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/** |
144 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
* Creates a <tt>ConcurrentLinkedQueue</tt> |
145 |
dholmes |
1.7 |
* initially containing the elements of the given collection, |
146 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
* added in traversal order of the collection's iterator. |
147 |
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* @param c the collection of elements to initially contain |
148 |
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* @throws NullPointerException if <tt>c</tt> or any element within it |
149 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
* is <tt>null</tt>. |
150 |
dl |
1.1 |
*/ |
151 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
public ConcurrentLinkedQueue(Collection<? extends E> c) { |
152 |
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for (Iterator<? extends E> it = c.iterator(); it.hasNext();) |
153 |
dl |
1.1 |
add(it.next()); |
154 |
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} |
155 |
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156 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
// Have to override just to update the javadoc |
157 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
|
158 |
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/** |
159 |
dholmes |
1.7 |
* Adds the specified element to the tail of this queue. |
160 |
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* |
161 |
jsr166 |
1.32 |
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as per the spec for {@link Collection#add}). |
162 |
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* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null |
163 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
*/ |
164 |
jsr166 |
1.31 |
public boolean add(E e) { |
165 |
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return offer(e); |
166 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
} |
167 |
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168 |
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/** |
169 |
jsr166 |
1.32 |
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue. |
170 |
dl |
1.17 |
* |
171 |
jsr166 |
1.32 |
* @return <tt>true</tt> (as per the spec for {@link Queue#offer}) |
172 |
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* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null |
173 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
*/ |
174 |
jsr166 |
1.31 |
public boolean offer(E e) { |
175 |
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if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException(); |
176 |
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Node<E> n = new Node<E>(e, null); |
177 |
dl |
1.1 |
for(;;) { |
178 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> t = tail; |
179 |
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Node<E> s = t.getNext(); |
180 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (t == tail) { |
181 |
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if (s == null) { |
182 |
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if (t.casNext(s, n)) { |
183 |
tim |
1.2 |
casTail(t, n); |
184 |
dl |
1.1 |
return true; |
185 |
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} |
186 |
tim |
1.12 |
} else { |
187 |
dl |
1.1 |
casTail(t, s); |
188 |
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} |
189 |
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} |
190 |
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} |
191 |
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} |
192 |
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193 |
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public E poll() { |
194 |
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for (;;) { |
195 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> h = head; |
196 |
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Node<E> t = tail; |
197 |
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Node<E> first = h.getNext(); |
198 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (h == head) { |
199 |
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if (h == t) { |
200 |
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if (first == null) |
201 |
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return null; |
202 |
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else |
203 |
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casTail(t, first); |
204 |
tim |
1.12 |
} else if (casHead(h, first)) { |
205 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = first.getItem(); |
206 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (item != null) { |
207 |
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first.setItem(null); |
208 |
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return item; |
209 |
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} |
210 |
tim |
1.2 |
// else skip over deleted item, continue loop, |
211 |
dl |
1.1 |
} |
212 |
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} |
213 |
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} |
214 |
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} |
215 |
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216 |
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public E peek() { // same as poll except don't remove item |
217 |
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for (;;) { |
218 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> h = head; |
219 |
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Node<E> t = tail; |
220 |
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Node<E> first = h.getNext(); |
221 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (h == head) { |
222 |
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if (h == t) { |
223 |
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if (first == null) |
224 |
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return null; |
225 |
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else |
226 |
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casTail(t, first); |
227 |
tim |
1.12 |
} else { |
228 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = first.getItem(); |
229 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (item != null) |
230 |
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return item; |
231 |
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else // remove deleted node and continue |
232 |
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casHead(h, first); |
233 |
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} |
234 |
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} |
235 |
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} |
236 |
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} |
237 |
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238 |
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/** |
239 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
* Returns the first actual (non-header) node on list. This is yet |
240 |
dl |
1.1 |
* another variant of poll/peek; here returning out the first |
241 |
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* node, not element (so we cannot collapse with peek() without |
242 |
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* introducing race.) |
243 |
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*/ |
244 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> first() { |
245 |
dl |
1.1 |
for (;;) { |
246 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> h = head; |
247 |
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Node<E> t = tail; |
248 |
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Node<E> first = h.getNext(); |
249 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (h == head) { |
250 |
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if (h == t) { |
251 |
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if (first == null) |
252 |
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return null; |
253 |
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else |
254 |
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casTail(t, first); |
255 |
tim |
1.12 |
} else { |
256 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (first.getItem() != null) |
257 |
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return first; |
258 |
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else // remove deleted node and continue |
259 |
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casHead(h, first); |
260 |
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} |
261 |
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} |
262 |
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} |
263 |
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} |
264 |
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265 |
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|
266 |
dl |
1.28 |
/** |
267 |
jsr166 |
1.30 |
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this queue contains no elements. |
268 |
dl |
1.28 |
* |
269 |
jsr166 |
1.30 |
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this queue contains no elements. |
270 |
dl |
1.28 |
*/ |
271 |
dl |
1.1 |
public boolean isEmpty() { |
272 |
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return first() == null; |
273 |
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} |
274 |
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275 |
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/** |
276 |
dl |
1.17 |
* Returns the number of elements in this queue. If this queue |
277 |
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* contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns |
278 |
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* <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>. |
279 |
tim |
1.2 |
* |
280 |
dl |
1.17 |
* <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, this method is |
281 |
dl |
1.1 |
* <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the |
282 |
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* asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current |
283 |
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* number of elements requires an O(n) traversal. |
284 |
dl |
1.17 |
* |
285 |
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* @return the number of elements in this queue. |
286 |
tim |
1.2 |
*/ |
287 |
dl |
1.1 |
public int size() { |
288 |
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int count = 0; |
289 |
dl |
1.23 |
for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) { |
290 |
dl |
1.8 |
if (p.getItem() != null) { |
291 |
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// Collections.size() spec says to max out |
292 |
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if (++count == Integer.MAX_VALUE) |
293 |
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break; |
294 |
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} |
295 |
dl |
1.1 |
} |
296 |
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return count; |
297 |
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} |
298 |
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|
299 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
public boolean contains(Object o) { |
300 |
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if (o == null) return false; |
301 |
dl |
1.23 |
for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) { |
302 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = p.getItem(); |
303 |
tim |
1.2 |
if (item != null && |
304 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
o.equals(item)) |
305 |
dl |
1.1 |
return true; |
306 |
|
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} |
307 |
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return false; |
308 |
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} |
309 |
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|
310 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
public boolean remove(Object o) { |
311 |
|
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if (o == null) return false; |
312 |
dl |
1.23 |
for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) { |
313 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = p.getItem(); |
314 |
tim |
1.2 |
if (item != null && |
315 |
dholmes |
1.6 |
o.equals(item) && |
316 |
dl |
1.1 |
p.casItem(item, null)) |
317 |
|
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return true; |
318 |
|
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} |
319 |
|
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return false; |
320 |
|
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} |
321 |
tim |
1.2 |
|
322 |
dl |
1.1 |
public Object[] toArray() { |
323 |
|
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// Use ArrayList to deal with resizing. |
324 |
tim |
1.3 |
ArrayList<E> al = new ArrayList<E>(); |
325 |
dl |
1.23 |
for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) { |
326 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = p.getItem(); |
327 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (item != null) |
328 |
|
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al.add(item); |
329 |
|
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} |
330 |
|
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return al.toArray(); |
331 |
|
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} |
332 |
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|
333 |
|
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public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) { |
334 |
|
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// try to use sent-in array |
335 |
|
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int k = 0; |
336 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> p; |
337 |
dl |
1.1 |
for (p = first(); p != null && k < a.length; p = p.getNext()) { |
338 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = p.getItem(); |
339 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (item != null) |
340 |
|
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a[k++] = (T)item; |
341 |
|
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} |
342 |
|
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if (p == null) { |
343 |
|
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if (k < a.length) |
344 |
|
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a[k] = null; |
345 |
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return a; |
346 |
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} |
347 |
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|
348 |
|
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// If won't fit, use ArrayList version |
349 |
tim |
1.3 |
ArrayList<E> al = new ArrayList<E>(); |
350 |
dl |
1.23 |
for (Node<E> q = first(); q != null; q = q.getNext()) { |
351 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = q.getItem(); |
352 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (item != null) |
353 |
|
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al.add(item); |
354 |
|
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} |
355 |
|
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return (T[])al.toArray(a); |
356 |
|
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} |
357 |
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|
358 |
dholmes |
1.7 |
/** |
359 |
|
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* Returns an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence. |
360 |
dl |
1.9 |
* The returned iterator is a "weakly consistent" iterator that |
361 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
* will never throw {@link ConcurrentModificationException}, |
362 |
dl |
1.9 |
* and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon |
363 |
|
|
* construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to) |
364 |
|
|
* reflect any modifications subsequent to construction. |
365 |
dholmes |
1.7 |
* |
366 |
|
|
* @return an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence. |
367 |
|
|
*/ |
368 |
dl |
1.1 |
public Iterator<E> iterator() { |
369 |
|
|
return new Itr(); |
370 |
|
|
} |
371 |
|
|
|
372 |
|
|
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> { |
373 |
|
|
/** |
374 |
|
|
* Next node to return item for. |
375 |
|
|
*/ |
376 |
dl |
1.23 |
private Node<E> nextNode; |
377 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
378 |
tim |
1.2 |
/** |
379 |
dl |
1.1 |
* nextItem holds on to item fields because once we claim |
380 |
|
|
* that an element exists in hasNext(), we must return it in |
381 |
|
|
* the following next() call even if it was in the process of |
382 |
|
|
* being removed when hasNext() was called. |
383 |
jsr166 |
1.29 |
*/ |
384 |
dl |
1.1 |
private E nextItem; |
385 |
|
|
|
386 |
|
|
/** |
387 |
|
|
* Node of the last returned item, to support remove. |
388 |
|
|
*/ |
389 |
dl |
1.23 |
private Node<E> lastRet; |
390 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
391 |
tim |
1.2 |
Itr() { |
392 |
dl |
1.1 |
advance(); |
393 |
|
|
} |
394 |
tim |
1.2 |
|
395 |
dl |
1.1 |
/** |
396 |
dl |
1.26 |
* Moves to next valid node and returns item to return for |
397 |
|
|
* next(), or null if no such. |
398 |
dl |
1.1 |
*/ |
399 |
tim |
1.2 |
private E advance() { |
400 |
dl |
1.1 |
lastRet = nextNode; |
401 |
dl |
1.22 |
E x = nextItem; |
402 |
dl |
1.1 |
|
403 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> p = (nextNode == null)? first() : nextNode.getNext(); |
404 |
dl |
1.1 |
for (;;) { |
405 |
|
|
if (p == null) { |
406 |
|
|
nextNode = null; |
407 |
|
|
nextItem = null; |
408 |
|
|
return x; |
409 |
|
|
} |
410 |
dl |
1.22 |
E item = p.getItem(); |
411 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (item != null) { |
412 |
|
|
nextNode = p; |
413 |
|
|
nextItem = item; |
414 |
|
|
return x; |
415 |
tim |
1.12 |
} else // skip over nulls |
416 |
dl |
1.1 |
p = p.getNext(); |
417 |
|
|
} |
418 |
|
|
} |
419 |
tim |
1.2 |
|
420 |
dl |
1.1 |
public boolean hasNext() { |
421 |
|
|
return nextNode != null; |
422 |
|
|
} |
423 |
tim |
1.2 |
|
424 |
dl |
1.1 |
public E next() { |
425 |
|
|
if (nextNode == null) throw new NoSuchElementException(); |
426 |
|
|
return advance(); |
427 |
|
|
} |
428 |
tim |
1.2 |
|
429 |
dl |
1.1 |
public void remove() { |
430 |
dl |
1.23 |
Node<E> l = lastRet; |
431 |
dl |
1.1 |
if (l == null) throw new IllegalStateException(); |
432 |
|
|
// rely on a future traversal to relink. |
433 |
|
|
l.setItem(null); |
434 |
|
|
lastRet = null; |
435 |
|
|
} |
436 |
|
|
} |
437 |
|
|
|
438 |
|
|
/** |
439 |
|
|
* Save the state to a stream (that is, serialize it). |
440 |
|
|
* |
441 |
|
|
* @serialData All of the elements (each an <tt>E</tt>) in |
442 |
|
|
* the proper order, followed by a null |
443 |
|
|
* @param s the stream |
444 |
|
|
*/ |
445 |
|
|
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) |
446 |
|
|
throws java.io.IOException { |
447 |
|
|
|
448 |
|
|
// Write out any hidden stuff |
449 |
|
|
s.defaultWriteObject(); |
450 |
tim |
1.2 |
|
451 |
dl |
1.1 |
// Write out all elements in the proper order. |
452 |
dl |
1.23 |
for (Node<E> p = first(); p != null; p = p.getNext()) { |
453 |
dl |
1.1 |
Object item = p.getItem(); |
454 |
|
|
if (item != null) |
455 |
|
|
s.writeObject(item); |
456 |
|
|
} |
457 |
|
|
|
458 |
|
|
// Use trailing null as sentinel |
459 |
|
|
s.writeObject(null); |
460 |
|
|
} |
461 |
|
|
|
462 |
|
|
/** |
463 |
|
|
* Reconstitute the Queue instance from a stream (that is, |
464 |
|
|
* deserialize it). |
465 |
|
|
* @param s the stream |
466 |
|
|
*/ |
467 |
|
|
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) |
468 |
|
|
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { |
469 |
tim |
1.2 |
// Read in capacity, and any hidden stuff |
470 |
|
|
s.defaultReadObject(); |
471 |
dl |
1.23 |
head = new Node<E>(null, null); |
472 |
dl |
1.16 |
tail = head; |
473 |
tim |
1.2 |
// Read in all elements and place in queue |
474 |
dl |
1.1 |
for (;;) { |
475 |
|
|
E item = (E)s.readObject(); |
476 |
|
|
if (item == null) |
477 |
|
|
break; |
478 |
dl |
1.16 |
else |
479 |
|
|
offer(item); |
480 |
dl |
1.1 |
} |
481 |
|
|
} |
482 |
|
|
|
483 |
|
|
} |